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CORNELL LAB of ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY
AT SAPSUCKER WOODS
Illustration of Snowy Owl by Louts Agassiz Fuertes __
iy
GAYLORD
Cornell University
Library
The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.
http://Awww.archive.org/details/cu31924090256888
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETIN
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. 50.
Parr IT,
Se HE” INC a> Lovers iG Sean
oe
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICH. 1902,
THE BIRDS
OF
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA:
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
OF THE
HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA,
THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO.
BY
ROBERT RIDGWway,
CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS,
Part II.
Family TANAGRIDA—The Tanagers. Family ICTERIDA—The Troupials.
Family CEREBIDA—The Honey Creepers. Family MNIOTILTIDA—The Wood Warblers.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1902.
PREFACE,
The present volume is the second of a series which will probably require eight volumes for completion. It contains the following fami- lies: Tanagride (Tanagers), Icteride (Troupials), Coerebide (Honey Creepers), and Mniotiltidee (Wood Warblers). Part I, issued in 1901, included the Family Fringillide (Finches) alone. Part III, which is well under way, will include the Motacillide (Wagtails and Pipits), Hirundinide (Swallows), Vireonide (Vireos), Ampelide (Waxwings), Ptiliogonatidee (Silken Chatterers), Dulide (Palm Chatterers), Laniide (Shrikes), Corvide (Crows and Jays), Paride (Titmice), Sittide (Nuthatches), Certhiide (Creepers), Troglodytide (Wrens), Cinclide (Dippers), Chameiide (Wren-tits), and Sylviide (Kinglets, ete.), and will probably go to press some time during the present year. The remaining volumes are all in a more or less advanced stage of prepara- tion; and it is hoped that these may follow at the rate of two a year.
Acknowledgments for the loan of material for use in the prepara- tion of the present volume are due to the persons and public institu- tions mentioned in Part I (pages xii, xii), and also to Dr. A. K. Fisher, Mr. William Palmer, and Mr. Paul Bartsch, of Washington, District of Columbia. Both Dr. Fisher and Mr. Palmer should have been mentioned in Part I in this connection, and the inadvertent omission of their names is much regretted.
Most of the measurements of specimens for the present volume were made by Mr. J. H. Riley, Mr. Sidney S. Wilson, and Miss Frances E. Swett.
Rogpert Ripeway.
SEPTEMBER 6, 1902. %
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Faminy Tanacrip&. The Tanagers Key to the Genera of Tanagridee..-.. 2.2.02. 22 00220 eee Genus 1. Chlorophonia Bonaparte...........22.222002.2.0202---2-2---- ee Key to the Species of Chlorophonia...........2. 22.0.2. 2 2c eee ec eee eee eee
1, Chlorophonia occipitalis (Du Bus) ........2..0.2.2.020222..--------
2. Chlorophonia callophrys (Cabanis) Genus 2. Euphonia Desmarest ........2 222.002.0200 0 22 cee eee cece eee ee Key to the Species of Euphonia ...........02.22222.0 cece eee eee eee eee . Euphonia elegantissima (Bonaparte)
4, Euphonia musica (Gmelin)...-.....-..2..2020.2 20200222 ee eee ee eee 5. Euphonia sclateri Sundevall .........-.....22.2..--------------2--- 6. Euphonia flavifrons (Sparrman) ...-.....--....-.------2--------0-- 7 8
He OD
. Euphonia annez Oassin ......-.-.-.-----.0- 2202200022 eee eee eee eee
. Euphonia fulvicrissa Sclater..............2..02220. 022222 eee eee eee
9. Euphonia gracilis (Cabanis)......-.-.-....2-2------------2---- eee
10. Euphonia luteicapilla (Cabanis) .....--...-...-.-.--.2-0----+-+-+--
11. Euphonia affinis (Lesson) ..........-.-2-,--2--2--22-0 02-222 e eee ee
12. Euphonia minuta humilis (Cabanis) -.....-....--.--.--------------
13. Euphonia godmani Brewster ..........-.-.--2--2--2-+-----2--2--2-0-----
14. Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparte...........-.-..-2----+2-2-----2--
15. Euphonia crassirostris Sclater......-..--.-2---.-2--2- 2220220222 ee-
16. Euphonia gouldi Sclater......... poy aes Ss eased a ER lc a
Genus 3. Pyrrhuphonia Bonaparte ..........-..---------------02-2 22 eee eee
17. Pyrrhuphonia jamaica (Linneus)...-....-...-----------1--+--------
Genus 4. Buthraupis Cabanis .......-......2---.---2-2- 222 e eee eee eee eee eee
18. Buthraupis arcei Sclater and Salvin .....--...-..----.--------------
19. Buthraupis ceeruleigularis Cherrie .......-...---..-------.----++---
Genus 5. Calospiza Gray........------ 2-22 2- cee eee eee cee eee eee eee
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Calospiza......-.-.-.-.-.-.--+---------
20. Calospiza icterocephala (Bonaparte) .......-..-..------------------
21. Calospiza florida florida (Sclater and Salvin) ........-.--.- "ge keane
22. Calospiza florida arceei Ridgway .........--------.-------.---------
23. Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (Sclater) ..........-.--..------------
24. Calospiza cabanisi (Sclater)........-.---.----------+----+---+-+--++--
25. Calospiza gyroloides (Lafresnaye)......-.--.---------+++-++2+e2e+-
26. Calospiza lavinia (Cassin) -......-------------------2e eee eee eee eee
27. Calospiza dowii (Salvin) .....--.--------..---------- 2-2-2 ee eee eee
28. Calospiza larvata larvata (Du Bus)...-.......-.----.------------++-
29. Calospiza larvata fanny (Lafresnaye).........-.-----------+-++---+--
30. Calospiza inornata (Gould) -.-.------.------.--------+-+-e- eee eee:
31. Calospiza cucullata (Swainson) -.-------------.-------+-2+----+-+--
32. Calospiza versicolor (Lawrence) -------------------+---+---+---+-+--
Genus 6. Tanagra Linneeus---------------------.--- +--+ 2222 e eee tee ee VI
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Key to the Species of Tanagra........--.--------- 2-2-2202 ee eee eee e eee 83. Tanagra cana Swainson..-.-..--.----- ------ eee eee eee eee eee 34. Tanagra palmarum melanoptera (Sclater) .......------------------- 35. Tanagra abbas Lichtenstein.........-.-.--------+- 2 ee eee ee eee eee eee Génus 7. Spindalis Jardine and Selby......-.....--------------- 2-22-22 2--+ Key to the Species and Subspecies of Spindalis .......---------------------- 36. Spindalis nigricephala (Jameson) .......-..-----------2++-e- eee ee ee 37. Spindalis portoricensis (Bryant) ..........-.-..-------+++--++++++-- 38. Spindalis multicolor (Vieillot).-........-.---.--------+ eee e eee eee 89. Spindalis pretrei (Lesson)......-.-.-..-----------------+-----+- tes 40. Spindalis zena zena (Linneeus).......-.--.--------------------+- oes 41. Spindalis zena townsendi Ridgway-....-..----.----------.+----- se 42. Spindalis benedicti Ridgway .....-.--- SEK Gen ee eae ce 43. ‘Spindalis:salvini Cory: «<<< 2s canuscsussectesUigewes e+ eed decceecss Genus'8. Piranga: Vielllot.ccweeeesssdees esse eieseveceecteeees veeeced eeeeee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Piranga.........---.------------------ 44. Piranga rubra rubra (Linneeus)..-......--.---------------- 22-2 45. Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway........-.------------ 22-22 eee eee eee 46. Piranga hepatica Swainson ............-.------- 2-2-2 e eee eee eee ee 47, Piranga testacea testacea Sclater and Salvin......--..-..----.--+----- 48. Piranga testacea figlina (Salvin and Godman).......--..-....------- 49. Piranga erythromelas (Vieillot) -..........---.----.--------------- 50). Piranga ludoviciana (Wil80n) ..-. 2.6. seceeceaseseaeea eee sees ncccis 51. Piranga bidentata bidentata Swainson.-......--......---.--- suede 52. Piranga bidentata flammea Ridgway ......-...-.-----..--------+--- 53. Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta (Lafresnaye) -...-....--...-------- 54. Piranga roseo-gularis roseo-gularis Cabot............--.--------0-0-- 55. Piranga roseo-gularis cozumele Ridgway.....---....--.----+---+-+--- 56. Piranga leucoptera leucoptera Trudeau ........-.--....------------- 57. Piranga leucoptera latifasciata Ridgway ..--...-.. --....--.-------- 58. Piranga erythrocephala (Swainson)......-.-.---.-.-.-------------- Genus 9. Heterospingus Ridgway ......:-..---..-------- 22-0. e eee eee ee eee Key to the Species of Heterospingus.........-..-22-22--- 2022.2 ee eee ee eee 59. Heterospingus xanthopygius (Sclater) -.........-.......-0..2..2.-- 60. Heterospingus rubrifrons (Lawrence) ..............--.----.-------- Genus 10. Hemithraupis Cabanis.......--..-..---....20--.2---2--0----2---- 61. Hemithraupis chrysomelas (Sclater and Salvin)...............-----. Genus 11. Ramphocelus Desmarest _..._.........--.---.------02--02 2222 eeee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Ramphocelus..................---.--- 62. Ramphocelus passerinii Bonaparte.................-.......-------- 63. Ramphocelus costaricensis Cherrie.-......-.--.--....-2.0222------- 64. Ramphocelus chrysopterus Boucard..............2..22222---------- 65. Ramphocelus icteronotus Bonaparte ............2..20.2222-2-00---- 66. Ramphocelus inexpectatus Rothschild...........-..........-..----- 67. Ramphocelus festee Salvadori-............2202 2.2220. 02-22 cee ee eeee 68. Ramphocelus dunstalli Rothschild 69. Ramphocelus luciani Lafresnaye..............2.2.222222--02022---- 70. Ramphocelus dimidiatus dimidiatus Lafresnaye 71. Ramphocelus dimidiatus isthmicus Ridgway 72. Ramphocelus dimidiatus limatus (Bangs) ...............-...-..2--. 73. Ramphocelus uropygialis Bonaparte...............-.-....---.------ .Genus 12. Phlogothraupis Sclater and Salvin........-...2-.-.......22-- 2. 74. Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta (Lesson) .............2222.2022200--- Genus 13. Lanio Vieillot...-....2.2.2.2. 0.0002 eee eee eee
TABLE OF CONTENTS. Ix
Page.
Key to the Species of Lanio........ piheraivted ahakaue Mein Ce Utd So dinracameadee 122 75. Lanio aurantius Lafresnaye.............2..2..-.. Dae arene 123
76. Lanio leucothorax Salvin.............22-2--202-0 022 - cece eee ee eee 124
77. Lanio melanopygius Salvin and Godman ..............--...--.----- 125 ‘Genus 14. Pheenicophilus Strickland............22.22.0.22.2-...----------- 126 Key to the Species of Pheenicophilus ..................2-2222.2------------ 127 78. Pheenicophilus palmarum (Linnus)...............2...--2--------- 127
79. Pheenicophilus poliocephalus (Bonaparte)..... ......--...--.----- 128 Genus 15. Tachyphonus Vieillot ...-.......2.2.2..220202002202220202 2-2 eeee 129 Key to the Species of Tachyphonus........-.....02.2.020.222200- eee ee eee 130 80. Tachyphonus rufus (Boddaert) ....-........-....2222222-22222---- 130
81. Tachyphonus luctuosus Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny.............---- 132
82. Tachyphonus axillaris Lawrence...-......... - dus tuteis ld tues oes hag pstie 134
83. Tachyphonus nitidissimus Salvin -.........-...- Peon a eae ees. 136
84. Tachyphonus delattrii Lafresnaye................2..2.02--222------ 136 Genus 16, Eucometis Sclater......-..2.-22.22.222222 2222-2222 c eee eee ee 138 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Eucometis........-..-.-----2---2-+-+-- 138 85. Eucometis cristata (Du Bus) .....-.....-.---2------2--- 22222 e eee ee 139
86. Eucometis spodocephala spodocephala (Bonaparte) ..-....--.------ 139
87. Eucometis spodocephala pallida Berlepsch ........-..-.----------- 140
88. Eucometis spodocephala stictothorax Berlepsch......-...---------- 141 Genus 17. Phcenicothraupis Cabanis...........-.--.---.--------2 Piss 8 drape 141 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pheenicothraupis .......-...----.----- 142 89. Phcenicothraupis rubica rubicoides (Lafresnaye) ......-...-..------ 144
90. Phoenicothraupis rubica nelsoni Ridgway ........-..--.----------- 145
91. Pheenicothraupis rubica vinacea (Lawrence) ....-..--.------------ 146
92. Pheenicothraupis rubica affinis (Nelson) -...-.-. "nabs Guargeeeeaeaee 147
93. Phoenicothraupis rubica rosea (Nelson) ...-..-....---------------- 147
94. Pheenicothraupis salvini salvini Berlepsch......-...--------------- 148
95. Phoenicothraupis salvini littoralis (Nelson) .._...-......----------- 149
96. Phoenicothraupis salvini discolor Ridgway...-..-.--.-------------- 150
97. Phoenicothraupis salvini peninsularis Ridgway....-...-.------------ 151
98. Pheenicothraupis salvini insularis (Salvin).-.......-.-------------- 152
99. Phoenicothraupis fuscicauda Cabanis .......--.-.-------+-------+--+- 152 Genus 18. Chlorothraupis Ridgway.-..-.-.-.---------------+--+- eee eee eee 154 Key to the Species of Chlorothraupis -......---...---------++-++--++-+--+---- 154 100. Chlorothraupis olivacea (Cassin) ......-.-.-------,-----+-++++-++-- 154
101. Chlorothraupis carmioli (Lawrence) ...-....----------+----------- 155 Genus 19. Nesospingus Sclater .....--.---------------- +220 eee eee eee eee eee 156 102. Nesospingus speculiferus Lawrence. -..-..-.---.----------------- .. 156 Genus 20. Chlorospingus Cabanis.......-.----------------------------+-+-- 157 Key to the Species of Chlorospingus .-.-..------------------------+++-+----- 158 102. Chlorospingus olivaceus (Bonaparte) ......--..-------+----+-+-+----- 159
103. Chlorospingus postocularis Cabanis.....-.-.----------------------- 160
104. Chlorospingus ophthalmicus (Du Bus) ..-..-.-.------------------- 160
105. Chlorospingus sumichrasti Ridgway .-.-.-------------------+-++--- 162 106. Chlorospingus albifrons Salvin and Giodman....---------------,--- 162
107. Chlorospingus albitempora (Lafresnaye) ..----------.------------- 163 108. Chlorospingus pileatus Salvin.....---.------------+---+----++-+++-- 165
109. Chlorospingus punctulatus Sclater and Salvin......-..--.---..--- .. 166
110. Chlorospingus olivaceiceps Underwood........-.-..----.-+--+++-+- 166 111. Chlorospingus hypopheus Sclater and Salvin..---..-...------.---- 167 Genus 21. Mitrospingus Ridgway.-...-.-------------+--- 20 ere ee eee ee 167
112. Mitrospingus cassini (Lawrence) .-..------------+++++-+-2++e sees 168
x TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Faminy Icrertpm. The Troupials.......-...---.---------- 0-2 e eee eee eee Key to the Genera of Icteridee .....-.-------------- 2-2-0 ee eee eee eee eee Genus 1. Zarhynchus Oberholser.........--.------------0--2ee eee cree cece 1. Zarhynchus wagleri wagleri (Gray).......-.----------------------- 2. Zarhynchus wagleri mexicanus Ridgway ..-..-..-.------------+----- Genus 2. Gymnostinops Sclater .....-..----------------- +222 eee eee eee eee Key to the Species of Gymmostinops......----.-------------+- ------------ 3. Gymnostinops montezuma (Lesson) ........----------------++ ---- 4. Gymnostinops cassini Richmond........--.-.--.--.---------------- 5. Gymnostinops guatimozinus (Bonaparte) -......-.---.-.--.--------- Genus. Ostinops Cabanis:.2.4.02 saccscuewies + ecmacseunceawenede ss evan 6. Ostinops decumanus (Pallas) ......-----.--------------------------
8. Cacicus microrhynchus (Sclater and Salvin) ..........---.---------- Genus 5. Cassiculus Swainson ........-.----------- 2 eee eee eee 9. Cassiculus melanicterus (Bonaparte) .-......--.--------------+-+--+--- Genus'6:, -Amblycerous Cabanissiceccjcese-cebeese oc = 4a sdaeSteeUae eeu 10. Amblycercus holosericeus (Lichtenstein) .........-...-.-.-2----+---- Genus:7. Cassidix: Lesson ss 2's sgaenundimeteecke bie seeds eds s eteeeeeseteecs Key to the Subspecies of Cassidix oryzivora..........-.----2-2++225-2--22+5- 11. Cassidix oryzivora violea Bangs..........2...0 - 2-2 22-22--2- ee ee eee
12. Cassidix oryzivora mexicana (Lesson)........-----.----------+----- Genus 8. Callothrus Cassin -.....-.--.--.---------+- 202-02 eee eee eee eee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Callothrus........-....-...----------- 13. Callothrus robustus (Cabanis) -..........-..--2----+-.-2-+----2--2--
14. Callothrus eeneus eeneus (Wagler).......-...---------2--.-------0--
15. Callothrus eeneus assimilis Nelson.............--------------------- Genus 9. Molothrus Swainson.........-.----------- eGo s a ae a aaa Key to the Species and Subspecies of Molothrus..................------+-+-- 16. Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert)...........-..-.---------2--------+-
17. Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin)..-........-.-2.--..-2.2.-02-222--
18. Molothrus atronitens (Cabanis) ..........-..2.---------2-2-------- Genus 10. Quiscalus Vieillot........2...22020 0002.0 eee eee eee eee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Quiscalus._..4...........2.2.2.22222--- 19. Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (Linneeus) .....-.-....-...-------------
20. Quiscalus quiscula agleeus (Baird) ..............-...2.2.2---2-2-----
21. Quiscalus quiscula eeneus (Ridgway)..............22--22-222--20-ee Genus 11. Holoquiscalus Cassin ......-.2.2....222.0220222 2 ee ee eee eee Key to the Species of Holoquiscalus ...... 2.2.2.2... 222.222-22220---- Bocas 22. Holoquiscalus gundlachii (Cassin) .............222.22.22.--.-2-------
23. Holoquiscalus jamaicensis (Daudin) ..............0...22.-.--2-----
24. Holoquiscalus niger (Boddaert) ...............22...---2-2----------
25. Holoquiscalus brachypterus (Cassin)..............2-...------------
26. Holoquiscalus caymanensis (Cory) ..........-.-2-.-2-2----.--------
27. Holoquiscalus fortirostris (Lawrence)..........2.2.2-2.0---e2eeeeee
28. Holoquiscalus inflexirostris (Swainson)
29. Holoquiscalus martinicensis Ridgway ............2...0..------- 2-0
30. Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis (Lawrence)
31. Holoquiscalus luminosus (Lawrence)
32. Holoquiscalus rectirostris (Cassin).............-.022.---------- ee Genus 12, Megaquiscalus Cassin..-..--......2.... weieele abe aiacerts lo wo sie
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xI
Page
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Megaquiscalus ..........-.------------ 235 33. Megaquiscalus major major (Vieillot)................-2------------ 236
34. Megaquiscalus major macrourus (Swainson).............----------+ 238.
35. Megaquiscalus major obscurus (Nelson).............-.------------- 241
36. Megaquisealus major graysoni (Sclater) _..... subbelinenpall AAs cia aamelge 241
37. Megaquiscalus major nelsoni Ridgway ................--.-----+---- 242
38. Megaquiscalus tenuirostris (Swainson) .......... ..-.-222+2e-+2+--- 243.
39. Megaquiscalus nicaraguensis (Salvin and Godman) ..._.....-.------ 244 Genus 13. Scolecophagus Swainson ._............2...2022-20222020-2 0-02-20 244 Key to the Species of Scolecophagus.............2..0.22020.20-220022-20-eee 245 40. Scolecophagus carolinus (Miiller)...............22.22..20222-22-2-5- 246
41. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagler) .................22..-2------ 248. Genus 14. Ptiloxena Chapman __-..-......0.......220-20200-222 cee eee eee 251 42, Ptiloxena atroviolacea (D’Orbigny)................-..2------------ 252 Genus 15; Dives Cassini... oseis oes daciemaee 2 2d-s5 otcesemnnes Yeseecdeecke 253. 483. Dives dives (Lichtenstein) ................22222. 2202222222 e ee eee L254 Genus 16. Icterus Brisson.......-...-.--2 222202220 eee eee eee eee 255- Key to the Species and Subspecies of Icterus -__--...-.....-.----....------- 257 44, Icterus icterus (Linneeus) .........2-.-2------2-2222eeec sees eeeeee 263.
45. Icterus oberi Lawrence .....--..------------2 0-222 e eee eee eee eee 265-
’ 46, Icterus maculi-alatus Cassin ..........2222-2222002022022 22-02 e ee eee 265. 47. Icterus northropi Allen ..._.....2...22..2.20..222--220---2--20005- 266.
48. Icterus wagleri Sclater _.....-...----.--- 2222-2 eee ee eee eee -- 267
49. Icterus prosthemelas (Strickland) _......-..--.-.--.-2-2--------2+---- 269
50. Icterus hypomelas (Bonaparte)...........--..---..------.20--2---- 271
51. Icterus portoricensis (Bryant) ....-...-..-.--2---2-2----220222 eee 272
52. Icterus dominicensis (Linnzeus) ...........-.----------2-- 2-2 eee eee 273.
53. Icterus laudabilis Sclater _.._........2--2-2 222200202 eee ee ee eee eee ee 274
54. Icterus spurius (Linneeus)..........-2.2----2--2-. 22-22-2220 e eee 275-
55. Icterus bonana (Linneus).........-..-.--.02----22 222-2 e ee eee 279°
56. Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus (Wagler).......--.-------- 280:
57. Icterus melanocephalus audubonii (Giraud) .............--..-22---- 282°
58. Icterus pectoralis pectoralis (Wagler) .-...--....---. .------------- 283
59. Icterus pectoralis espinachi Ridgway..-......-...---.2..-2-2-2-2----- 284.
60. Icterus gularis gularis (Wagler) .......-..-.---.2--2-----22-------- 284
61. Icterus gularis tamaulipensis Ridgway ....--.-.---.--.------------- 286
62. Icterus gularis yucatanensis Berlepsch ._...........-.----2---.----- 287
63. Icterus cucullatus cucullatus Swainson ._........-.---.------------- 287
64. Icterus cucullatus sennetti Ridgway........-...-..-----------+------ 289:
65. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway .--....--.---------------+------- 290
66. Icterus cucullatus igneus Ridgway ..-.....-..--.--------+---2-+------ 291
67. Icterus cucullatus cozumelze Nelson .._-.....--------------------4-- 292
68. Icterus cucullatus duplexus Nelson...........-.--.--.----2+2------- 292°
69, Ieterus:giraudii Cassin <. 2.022.242 20c02 222. seeseeecseeceeseeuee sss 293.
70. Icterus gualanensis Underwood.-.........-.------------+----+--+-+-- 295,
71. Icterus pustulatus (Wagler)......--...------------------- 2-2 e eee 295-
72. Icterus sclateri Cassin.....-.--.--------------------+ +22 eee eee eee 297
78. Icterus graysonii Cassin ....-.--.-----------+------- 22-02-22 ee eee 298.
74. Icterus auratus Bonaparte ..........2/--2222--22 22-022 eee eee ee eee 299
75. Icterus xanthornus xanthornus (Gmelin) -......-.-...-22-.-2.2---. 300:
76. Icterus xanthornus curasoensis Ridgway .....-.-...---2------+--+-- 303.
77. Icterus leucopteryx (Wagler)....----..---------+-+-2+---22-------- 303.
78. Icterus lawrencii Cory ..--: <2: s2<s2sne005 scceee see ese esse dice ees een 805-
AIT TABLE OF CONTENTS.
79. Icterus bairdi Cory ...---.------22-0----- 22 eee eee eee eee
80. Icterus mesomelas mesomelas (Wagler) - Coden revel eeuathisiniaisie ees Sey
81. Icterus mesomelas salvinii (Cassin) ...--.--------------------------
82. Icterus parisorum Bonaparte ...--.-----------------------+--+++----
83. Icterus galbula (Linneeus)...--..-.------------- +e eee eee eee eee eee
84. Icterus bullockii (Swainson) ....-.......------------+--------------
85. Icterus albeillei (Lesson)....-....----------------- +--+ 2-2-2 eee ee Genus 17. Agelaius Vieillot ........-..-.- 2-22-2222 22 eee eee eee ee eee eee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Agelaius........-.-.-------------+----- 86. Agelaius tricolor (Audubon).....-..-....------------+-+ 22222 eee ee
87. Agelaius gubernator gubernator (Wagler).......-.-.-----------+----
88. Agelaius gubernator californicus Nelson -........----.--------------
89, Agelaius gubernator grandis (Nelson) .....-.--.-.------------+------
90. Agelaius phceniceus pheeniceus (Linmeens).-.....--....-------------
91. Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus Maynard_._......-.----...-..-------
92. Agelaius phceniceus bryanti Ridgway ...-........------------------
93. Agelaius pheeniceus richmondi Nelson ........--.------------------
94. Agelaius pheeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway --..-..-..--.---------------
95. Agelaius pheeniceus fortis Ridgway ........-.----------------------
96. Agelaius pheeniceus neutralis Ridgway ..........--.---.------------
97. Agelaius phceniceus caurinus Ridgway .....------------------------
98. Agelaius assimilis Gundlach .......-...-.-----.--------------------
99. Agelaius-humeralis (Vigors)......-..-.----- eo seem Le es le esa 100. Agelaius xanthomus (Sclater) .....-..-----------------22-22e eee eee Genus 18. Nesopsar Sclater -.......-.------------- 2-2-2 ee eee eee ee eee 101. Nesopsar nigerrimus (Osburn) ...-..--..---------------- 2-2 ee ee eee Genus 19. Xanthocephalus Bonaparte .......-..-.--.---.----2--2-. ee eee 102. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte) .....--..-.--.---.--.-- Genus 20. Leistes Vigors........---..----- 22-22-20) eee eee eee eee 103. Leistes militaris (Linneeus)..........--2..--2. 2-2-2 eee ee eee eee ‘Genus 21. Sturnella Vieillot -.....--.22.22. 2220-0022 eee eee ee eee eens Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sturnella _._...-..----....------------ 104. Sturnella magna magna (Linnezeus) ..-........--..----------------- 105. Sturnella magna argutula Bangs ........----.----.2---------2------ 106. Sturnella magna hoopesi Stone ..--..---.-------.------------------ 107. Sturnella magna mexicana Sclater ......-....-2..------------------ 108. Sturnella magna inexpectata Ridgway ....-....-..--.----.---.----- 109. Sturnella neglecta Audubon .-...----- Soc ipit a ho 8 atalanslaaee Deumndvenerarewciaiane 110. Sturnella hippocrepis (Wagler)........-.--.. De euttinssiootenemcanemes Genus 22. Dolichonyx Swainson ...............--- 200-0 e eee ee eee eee eee 111. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linneus) ...........-.-... Peete eee Famity Caresipm. The Honey Creepers initia Ns hae seed het gaa Key to the Genera of cha ee ee ea OT IAA ERE RUE 4Gentis 1. Dighossa, Wagle? x0. oo. x. aicdeccaceeec cece 24 54s donee ew sceuselens Key to the Species of Diglossa_-.-.... 2.220.220. eee
1. Diglossa baritula Wagler .........222 2.220000 2 22 e eee eee eee ee 2. Diglossa plumbea Cabanis.._..-......0.02 02202020 c eee cece eee eeee “Genus 2. Chlorophanes Reichenbach ._...............-..2.---.-----------e 3. Chlorophanes spiza guatemalensis (Sclater) -Genus 3. Cyanerpes Oberholser
5. Cyanerpes lucidus (Sclater and Salvin) ...........2..2.0.22..2.---. Genus 4. Dacnis Cuvier..--...-----. 222-2002 22 eee cee eee ee eee ee
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dacnis 6. Dacnis cayana cayana (Linneeus) _..............2.22.2-2--2------00- 7. Dacnis cayana ultramarina (Lawrence) 8. Dacnis viguieri Oustalet.............20.200220.22222.-02-2------------ 9. Dacnis venusta Lawrence ...........--. 2.222.002 cece eee ee eee Genis 5, Cereba Vieillot ssc.ccscece en ss coterie. ceo eh eee coe ssc uomweiciala Key to the Species of Ccereba ....... 222222222. -0- 2000222 e eee e eee 10. Coereba bahamensis (Reichenbach) ................2.--2---2-------- 11. Coereba caboti (Baird) ....-.--....0...02 22 c2 cee eee cece cece 12. Coereba sharpei Cory .....-.-.-22---2----- 20222 eee eee eee 13. Ccereba tricolor (Ridgway)-...-...-.----.2...-202020022022e eee eee
14. Ccereba luteola (Cabanis) -......-...-.-2--2-2-22-022 2-22 eee eee eee
15. Coereba cerinoclunis Bangs .......-....2.2..----.0--.222220-02 2 eee 16. Coereba mexicana (Sclater)..........-2.-22---2--.- Pas eU ese aot als
17. Coereba bananivora (Gmelin) .-.-....2-22..----2- 22222-0222 e eee 18. Coereba portoricensis (Bryant) ...........--.---.-2-222-22222 ee eee
19, Coereba flaveola (Linneeus)..........--.-.2-02-02-0-2---- 22022 ee eee
20. Coereba saccharina (Lawrence) ....-...-.-.-.---22-2-22----2-0---- 21: Geerebanéwtoni (Baird). .ccsseaeee eyyesrsunehidedoe ee ee. ose coe 22. Coereba dominicana (Taylor).......-..-.--.------ 2-2-0222 22 eee
23. Coereba bartolemica (Sparrman)..-.-...-.-..----------..22--2-----
24. Coereba barbadensis (Baird) ......-...-.-----2---2----0----+------ 25. Coereba uropygialis Berlepsch ........-.-.-.--.-2----2--+-0-2---+------ 26. Cereba martinicana (Reichenbach) -.....-.-..----.----+--.-------
27. Coereba atrata (Lawrence) ....-.--- OSB aso eee eee eielaletnore cise 28: Coereba, welsh Cony oi caccniteioeis s Settee gacieeseeseGhGiekln:sssee gee Genus 6. Glossiptila Sclater..........---.------------- 2-2-2222 e ee eee eee 29. Glossiptila ruficollis (Gmelin) .......----.--.-----.----------------- Famity Mniorittipz. The Wood Warblers .........----.----------------- Key to the Genera of Mniotiltide -.....-...2..2--2--2-2-2-22--22-02--------- Genus 1. Mniotilta Vieillot ..-...-.-.-.--.-.--------------2- eee eee eee eee 1. Mniotilta varia (Linneeus) -...-...--.----------------------------- Genus 2. Helinaia Audubon -.-....-.-- Cie ateess dabetyet ieee tee aceon seas 2. Helinaia swainsonii Audubon........-....----.-.------.----------- Genns 3. Helmitheros Rafinesque .........------------------------- eeoeaas 3. Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin) ._........----------------------- Genus 4, Protonotaria Baird ..........-.-------- +--+ 2-2-2 e eee eee eee eee 4. Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert) ....-..--.-.----------------+-------- Genus 5. Helminthophila Ridgway..... ...------------------------------- Key to the Species and Subspecies of Helminthophila..-......-.-.-.-------- 5. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linnzeus).........-...-.--.---------- 6. Helminthophila lawrencii (Herrick)......----.-.------------------ 7. Helminthophila leucobronchialis (Brewster) ......-.-.-..---------- 8. Helminthophila pinus (Linneeus).........----.-------.------------ 9. Helminthophila bachmani (Audubon) ...........------------------ 10. Helminthophila peregrina (Wilson) .........-------------------+-- 11. Helminthophila celata celata (Say) .....-------------.-----+-------- 12. Helminthophila celata lutescens Ridgway ...----------------------- 13. Helminthophila celata sordida Townsend .......------------------- 14. Helminthophila rubricapilla rubricapilla (Wilson) ..-...--.-----.--- 15. Helminthophila rubricapilla gutturalis Ridgway --..-..----.-------- 16. Helminthophila virginiz (Baird) .....-.--------------------------- 17. Helminthophila crissalis Salvin and Godman.....------------------ 18. Helminthophila lucie (Cooper) ..-------------------+-----++-------
XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page. Genus 6. Oreothlypis Ridgway...-.---...------------ 222-2 e eee eee eee 475 Key to the Species of Oreothlypis ..-....------------------++-- 2-2 r rere 476 19. Oreothlypis gutturalis (Cabanis)...-.-.-.--------------------++++-- 476 20. Oreothlypis superciliosa (Hartlaub) -..---.-.----------------------- 477 Genus 7. Compsothlypis Cabanis ....-....-.-------- +--+ 2-2-2 eee ee eee eee ee 478 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Compsothlypis. ....-..---------------- 479 21. Compsothlypis americana americana (Linneeus) .-..---------------- 481 22. Compsothlypis americana usnese Brewster......-------------------- 484 23. Compsothlypis americana ramalinze Ridgway. .-.--.---------------- 486 24. Compsothlypis pitiayumi speciosa Ridgway --.-.-.------------------ 487 25. Compsothlypis pitiayumi inornata (Baird) .......------------------ 488 26. Compsothlypis pitiayumi nigrilora (Coues)........----.-.---------- 490 27. Compsothlypis pitiayumi pulchra (Brewster) ...-...-.-------------- 491 28. Compsothlypis pitiayumi insularis (Lawrence)........-.---.-------- 492 29. Compsothlypis graysoni Ridgway.....-.--.--.--...---------------- 492 Genus 8. Peucedramus Coues .....-.---.---------- +--+ 2-2-2 eee eee eee ee 493 30. Peucedramus olivaceus (Giraud)...........--------------------+--- 494 Genus 9. Dendroica Gray. nj... osc ccccnc en acemiiis eee nese cmesine einem eae 496 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dendroica .........-....---.---------- 499 81. Dendroica estiva eestiva (Gmelin) ...........--.----------------+-- 508 32. Dendroica estiva sonorana Brewster ........-----.----------------- 512 33. Dendroica estiva dugesi (Coale).............--.-..---------------- 513 34. Dendroica estiva rubiginosa (Pallas) .....---- Ao sé sv aateeiekedaaes 514 35. Dendroica petechia petechia (Linneeus) .........-----.------------- 515 36. Dendroica petechia auricapilla Ridgway.......-...-.--------------- 517 37. Dendroica petechia flaviceps Chapman .........-----.-------------- 517 88. Dendroica petechia bartholemica Sundevall -.........-----.-------- 518 39. Dendroica petechia gundlachi (Baird) -...-....--..----.----------- 520 40. Dendroica petechia aureola (Gould) ........-.--.------.----------- 521 41. Dendroica ruficapilla ruficapilla (Gmelin)........-.-.-------------- 523 42. Dendroica ruficapilla rufivertex Ridgway.....-.--.-..--.----------- 524 43. Dendroica ruficapilla flavida (Cory) ..-...-.....------------------- 524 44, Dendroica ruficapilla rufopileata Ridgway......---.-.------.------- 525 45. Dendroica ruficapilla capitalis (Lawrence)......--..---------------- 526 46. Dendroica rufigula Baird.........-..-.-..--.---------------2------ 526 47. Dendroica erithachorides Baird.................----.2----2----+--- 527 48. Dendroica bryanti bryanti Ridgway ...........-..-2......--------- 529 49. Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Ridgway ........-....-...---------- 530 50. Dendroica eoa (Gosse) .....- 2-2-2 2-2-2 eee eee ee ce eee cece ee 531 51. Dendroica maculosa (Gmelin) .........2....2.-20.0. 2202 e eee eee eee 532 52. Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin) -........-00..00.. 2-0-2000 e eee eee eee 537 53. Dendroica carbonata (Audubon).............-..2. -22e2 eee eee eee 540 54. Dendroica cezrulescens ceerulescens (Gmelin) .-...........--.-.--2+- 541 55. Dendroica ceerulescens cairnsi Coues ........--..2.0-2-20002 wee eee 545 56. Dendroica coronata (Linneeus) .-.-....2....0--. 2220 e eee eee eee eee 546, 57. Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend)...............2.2.------ 581 58. Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons (Brewster).............2.2.220-2---- 555 59. Dendroica auduboni goldmani (Nelson) ..............22222.22------ 556 60. Dendroica nigrescens (Townsend) .................2-.¢.--2ee-- eee 556 61. Dendroica townsendi (Townsend) .....................--.--------- 559 62. Dendroica virens (Gmelin) .-.....2.2.22 0. .22020020 202 eee eee 562 63. Dendroica chrysoparia Sclater and Salvin ..............-.-...--...- 565 64. Dendroica occidentalis (Townsend) .............-.-...-----2.22 22. 567
65. Dendroica rara (Wilson) .....2.-...2.202 022220 c eee eee eee eee ee 570
TABLE OF CONTENTS, XV
Page.
66. Dendroica blackburnie (Gmelin)..................22...------2.... 574
67. Dendroica dominica dominica (Linneeus)................------.... 568
68. Dendroica dominica albilora Ridgway..........--...222ee------ 02. 582
69. Dendroica graciee graciee Coues ..........22..22- 2222 ee eee eee. 584
70. Dendroica graciee decora Ridgway .......-...----.--2eceee-- eee. 586
71. Dendroica adelaide Baird..........20.22.22200..2202200-----22 22. 587
72, Dendroica delicata Ridgway..........2..0220- 22002 e cee eee eee eee 588
73. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linneeus) ..........-..--...-2.2------ 2... 589
74. Dendroica castanea (Wilson)..........00002.02ec cece cee ee cece eee. 592
75. Dendroica striata (Forster) ......... 220002. c2 eee eee cece eee eee 595
76. Dendroica vigorsii vigorsii (Audubon)...................---.---.-- 599
77, Dendroica vigorsii achrustera (Bangs) ..............---..-2.--22--- 602
78. Dendroica vigorsii abacoensis Ridgway.............--..---..-2.---. 603
79. Dendroica kirtlandii Baird .......22222 220022202 cee eee eee eee eee 603
80. Dendroica pityophila pityophila (Gundlach) .................2----- 605
81. Dendroica pityophila bahamensis Cory..................--.---.-2-- 606
82. Dendroica discolor (Vieillot)..... bimerwiae Eaten Liaislelelal stele aan oes 607
83. Dendroica vitellina Cory..........2022 220.22 ee eee eee ee eee ee eee 610
84. Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmelin).................-...-.--- 612
85. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway.............-.--------- 615
86. Dendroica plumbea Lawrence .........-....2.222-02ececee eens celle 617
87. Dendroica pharetra (Gosse) -.--.-..-.22-.022202200 cee eee eee ee eee 618
Genus 10. Catharopeza Sclater ..........-...222 2220 cece eee eee eee eee eee 619
89. Catharopeza bishopi (Lawrence) ........-.-.2.22.0222ee-ce eee eeee 620
Genus 11. Oporornis Baird. ..... 22.22. .22 2.020022 eee ee eee eee eee 621
Key to the Species of Oporornis ........-.-... 2.220000 2 cece eee eee eee eee 622
90. Oporornis formosa (Wilson)....-.-...... 2.2.0. 220 2. eee cece eee eee ee 622
91. Oporornis agilis (Wilson) ..._....-.-.2...2.22-0-22 2202 ee eee eee eee 625
92. Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson) .......--.-.-.---2.----.2-2--2---8 628
93. Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend) .............----2-2-22-2-------200e- 631
Genus 12. Seiurus Swainson ......-.....-2-222-2--2 20-2202 e eee eee eee eee 634
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Seiurus.........-.--.-.--------------- 634
94, Sejurus aurocapillus (Linneeus) -...-.-..-...----2--2------ 22 eee eee 635
95. Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot) -......-.-..--2-2. 222-222 e eee eee eee eee 639
96. Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin) -.--.....-.-..----- 642
97.:Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway ....-...--..---.---------- 645
Genus 13. Perétistris Cabanis.ccccsqco teh oaoaccanesescesceetnal eae ee 2 648 Key to the Species of Teretistris.........-....-.--2-----------+---- Pes ae Bitte 648 |
98. Teretistris fernandinze (Lembeye) -.....-.-...----------+---------- 649
99. Teretistris fornsi Gundlach ........-...-.---.-----2------- 2-2 ee eee 649
Genus: 14, Leucopeza Sclater ...22...0.0+ 2.22602 csceeseneeseseesieesacesecs 650
100. Leucopeza semperi Sclater......-.-.---------------- 0-2-2 eee eee eee 651
Genusild. Microlicea Cory coco. 2c.. ec een meee tet inceiten ee seed aeceeieene 651
101. Microligea palustris Cory.........----------00-- 020 eee eee ee ee eee 652
Genus 16. Geothlypis Cabanis........-....---------- 2-02 - eee eee eee eee eee 653
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Geothlypis .........-...---.---++-+--- 657
102. Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linneeus)..-..-.....-.---.-..2--22--2----- 661
103. Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swainson) ......-...--.2..2.--.-- 664
104. Geothlypis trichas ignota Chapman ............--.----2-----2------ 667
105. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster -......-.------------------ 668
106. Geothlypis trichas arizela Oberholser .................-..---------- 670
107. Geothlypis trichas modesta Nelson........-.--..---------------0-0- 672
108. Geothlypis trichas sinuosa Grinnell .......-..-..------2.2-eee eee 672
XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS.
109. Geothlypis trichas melanops (Baird)..-.-------------+---+05+0r00+ 673 110. Geothlypis rostrata Bryant ........- ---------+-2 eee errr errr 674 111. Geothlypis maynardi Bangs ...----------------+-+-++-e+e0- 2-2 eee 676 112. Geothlypis tanneri Ridgway...--.---------------+++ +2 er errr reer ee «676 113. Geothlypis incompta Ridgway ..---------------------+eere reer eee 677 114. Geothlypis exigua Ridgway ...-..-------------------- ++ seer eee 677 115. Geothlypis coryi Ridgway..--.----------+----+----+--+-+eeee eee 677 116. Geothlypis flavida Ridgway ...-.------------------+-+-+---e-e++e- 678 117. Geothlypis beldingi Ridgway. .-.-..-.------------------++--+-+++- 679 118. Geothlypis flavovelata Ridgway ...-.-----.----------2+---- eee eee ee 680 119. Geothlypis flaviceps Nelson .......-----------+------+----+------- 680 120. Geothlypis chiriquensis Salvin......-.--.------------------- eee 681 121. Geothlypis semiflava bairdi (Nutting) .......-.--.-.-.------+----- 682° 122. Geothlypis speciosa Sclater........-.-.-------------+-----------+- 683 123. Geothlypis nelsoni nelsoni Richmond ........-..-.-.------+------- 685 124. Geothlypis nelsoni microrhyncha Ridgway ......-.-.-------------- 685 Genus 17. Chameethlypis Ridgway ...... RevaiesmcdbieicienS id 2.9 2 uakes orem iuyaledelelaecaseenes 686 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chameethlypis..........-..-.--..----- 686 125. Chameethlypis poliocephala poliocephala (Baird) ......-..-------.- 687 126. Chamethlypis poliocephala palpebralis Ridgway -.-....---.-----.- 689 127. Chamethlypis caninucha Ridgway.........-..-----------++------- 65° Génus 18:, Icteria Vielllot.. 3.202: jcaceeeeesie smi cs ss xs eednecceeccan eee 61 Key to the Subspecies of Icteria ............2..----- 2-2-0 2 - seen eee enone ee 691 128. Icteria virens virens (Linneus)...-...----.----------------------- 692 129. Icteria virens longicauda (Lawrence) ......-..-------+--+-.--2------ 695) - Genus 19. Granatellus Bonaparte ._....-...-------.------------- 2-2 eee eee 697 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Granatellus ........--....-.-2--------- 698 130. Granatellus venustus Bonaparte .........--- ho oistinddaccaceecunes 699 131. Granatellus francesce Baird..........-.---------- 2-222 e eee ee eee 700 132. Granatellus salleei sallei Bonaparte ....-....---------------------- 701 133. Granatellus sallei boucardi Ridgway....--.------.---.-------.---- 703 Genus:20:. Wilsonia Bonaparte. 222.002 .esseces ces eh eats aeeeet cies cece 703 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Wilsonia .-....-...-..---------------- 704 134. Wilsonia mitrata (Gmelin).........---..202.2-----0 2-22 eee ee eee 705. 135. Wilsonia microcephala Ridgway ......-...---...-.-- 22-22-22 ee eee 709 136. Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (Wilson) .............-2.-.02------------- 710 137. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas) .-........2..222-----. 202-22 eee 712 138. Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridgway......-..-..-------------ee eee 714 139. Wilsonia canadensis (Linnzus)...--.-...------22 +22 e eee ee eee eee 716 Genus 21. Cardellina DuBus . .cso<2s.ceeaesies da sss stiguesnesteeeeeeceaewcs 719 140. Cardellina rubrifrons (Giraud)....—.--.------ 2-20. eee eee ee eee eee 720 Genus 22, Setophaga Swainson ....-......0.22. 202-02 eee eee ee ee eee ee eee 722 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Setophaga .....--...-.-----.--02-+2-+ 723 141. Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus) ......22.22 22 eee eee eee eee ee 724 142. Setophaga picta picta (Swainson) ._... 222022222 eee eee eee eee eee 728 143. Setophaga picta guatemale Sharpe... .. iatuin' vias averatareraus are einaisie ve iste 729 Genus 23. Myioborus Baird_....... 2.02020. 2 ieee eee ee cee cece 730 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Myioborus..........-....---:02------- 731 144. Myioborus miniatus miniatus (Swainson) ._............0...--.--0-- 731 145. Myioborus miniatus fammeus (Kaup) .............-2.-220----000- 733 146. Myioborus aurantiacus (Baird) ...... 22.222. 2 cee eee eee eee eee 733
147. Myioborus torquatus (Baird) ......22......... a geen eee ac Ce 735
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVII
Page Genus 24, Euthlypis Cabanis -.........2.22 22222002222 eee cece cece eee eee 735 148. Euthlypis lachrymosa lachrymosa Cabanis .............-2--------- 736 149, Euthlypis lachrymosa tephra Ridgway......_! pacino ree sits sates 738 Genus 25. Basileuterus Cabanis.......-...2.2.-.0.222002 cee cece eee eee eeee 738 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Basileuterus .................-.-.-...- 741 150. Basileuterus belli belli (Giraud) -.-......22.222.2.2222.----------- 743 151. Basileuterus belli scitulus Nelson ...........2.2.22222202.0-2-0-0-- 744 152. Basileuterus belli clarus Ridgway ...-.............22-2--22-------- 745 153. Basileuterus rufifrons rufifrons (Swainson) .............2..--2----- 745: 154. Basileuterus rufifrons jouyi Ridgway..-...........2....222-2.----- 746. 155. Basileuterus rufifrons dugesi Ridgway..............222..--22.------ 747 156. Basileuterus rufifrons caudatus Nelson ..............-- Eee Gocin 748 157. Basileuterus rufifrons flaviyaster (Nelson) ..........----....------- 748. 158. Basileuterus rufifrons salvini (Cherrie) -.-............---2..2.-2.2. 749 159. Basileuterus rufifrons delattrii (Bonaparte).................2..---- 749 160. Basileuterus rufifrons mesochrysus (Sclater) .....-....-.-...------- 750 161. Basileuterus melanogenys Baird ........-...-...------------------ 751 162. Basileuterus melanotis Lawrence..-.....-..-.--- S sa gaeiogeseutereyaae 752 163. Basileuterus culicivorus culicivorus (Lichtenstein) .......-.....---- 753 164. Basileuterus culicivorus brasherii (Giraud) ........-...-.-.-..--+-- 755 165. Basileuterus culicivorus flavescens Ridgway...-.-..-..-.--.-.------ 755 166. Basileuterus culicivorus godmani Berlepsch............---...------ 756 167. Basileuterus semicervinus veraguensis (Sharpe) ......-.-.---------- 756 168. Basileuterus semicervinus leucopygius (Sclater and Salvin) .-...---. 757 Genus 26. Ergaticus Baird .........2.22----2 022-22 eee eee eee eee eee 758 Key to the Species of Ergaticus.........-.--------- 2-22-22 eee eee eee eee eee 759 169. Ergaticus ruber (Swainson)........--....-----------------2--- eee 759 170. Ergaticus versicolor (Salvin)........-------0 -----0 ----e eee eee eee 760 Genus:27. Certhidea Gould .wescses ss svouselcubeceddocseccesex esse ss eas oeue 761 Key to the Species of Certhidea ......--.----------- 2-2-0 ee eee ee eee eee eee 762 171. Certhidea olivacea Gould........-.----.-----. ---- eterna teks 763 172. Certhidea luteola Ridgway .-........-.----------------------2---- 764 173. Certhidea ridgwayi (Rothschild and Hartert).....-.--.---.-------- 765 174. Certhidea mentalis Ridgway-.....-..--.---- SeeieherseeeaSeeseees 2. 766 175. Certhidea fusca Sclater and Salvin .........--.-------------------- 766 176. Certhidea becki Rothschild.--.........-.--------------------+----+- 767 177. Certhidea drownei Rothschild ......-.-....----.-------.-----+----- 767 178. Certhidea cinerascens Ridgway .-.-.-----------------+---+--+--+--+--- 768 179. Certhidea bifasciata Ridgway........-.--------------------+---+---- 768 Genus 28. Rhodinocichla Hartlaub...-..-..-.----------------+--+--------+-- 769 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Rhodinocichla ....-.-.--.-.----------- 770 180. Rhodinocichla rosea eximia Ridgway..-...--.-------------+--------- 770 181. Rhodinocichla schistacea Ridgway...------.---------------------- 772 NAST a et Saeco SOAS Neeson eee OSB cycn tearm annie eySmaireeenccinine ee eee 775 ING Ox fd poeta aed a's a aed sad cae eee Deerwosesaeceecuse gene ees ses 787 List of figures illustrating generic details ......-.--------------------------- XIX
3654—VoL 2—0O1
II
LIST OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC DETAILS.
Page Genus. Plate. | Figure. oF text.
1. Chlorophonia Bonaparte 22.2 s.cc0s220ceeec.yeess canes sence seas ass I 1 4 O; WUphonla Desmanest 2.2. cheek ccs ccs tac eepea case tigisiesaaeitiniese’tieie SIR I 2 8
8. Pyrrhuphonis Bonaparte s.c.concsesnsvccne craves easremonseseyesrs years I 3 81
4, Buthraupis Cabanis...cccscscciccascvees veecacaaas cea@reeeesaes weeee heen I 6 82
i Calls piZ tis Gray. scenic Ga sac sebeus se daemocanwinee te dwesecemeenaceeomeeeees I 4 34 6; Tomagra Linneus sec ecesadieassy yovessewnne 2 satay cia sacran sittin cizais ater II 1 54
7. Spindalis Jardine and Selby............ 2-22-2222 eee eee eee e eee eee eee II 2 62
8. Piranga Vieillot II 3 73
9. Heterospingus Ridgway Ii 3 103 10;. Hemithraupis Cabanis sediscccicors core cewessiwenes cacsies seco: sen 5e sce I 5 105 11. Ramphocelus Desmarest........22.2---22e0ee ccc eeeeeeeeee eee eec ees III 1 107 12. Phlogothraupis Sclater and Salvin .........-....2.--------2----e eee eee III 2 120 £3, Tamir Viel] 6 Giessisdaycdceaddeevetees wicisielsidiarsea leas oetigs Seas e See EERS IV ak 122 14. Phenicophilus Strickland.............-.2--0 222-22 eee eee eee eee eee IV 3 126 15. Tachyphonus Vieillot - ....2.ccccssesces ceccssscecssseeceorreneetectenes VI 1 129 16. Hucometis SC]ater 2. c.c-c.c0:0:cjeccsceceoecieceineusiein se 28 SED EEE R MEER s ee sel Vv 1 138 17. Phoenicothraupis Cabanis ...........22.---2- 22sec ee ee cece eect e ences Vv 2 141 18. Chlorothraupis Ridgway ... Vv 3 154 19. Nesospingus Sclater......- VI 2 156 20. Chlorospingus Cabanis -.- IV 2 157 21. Mitrospingus Ridgway .......---------- VI 3 167 22, Zarhynchus Oberholser........--.----- VII 1 175 23. Gymmostinops Sclater ....-.....-.222- 22-2 ce ee eee eee cee eee ec eeetetee VIL 1 178 24, Ostinops Cabanis .............. 220 eee ee eee eee eee cree erence nneenenese Ix” 2 183 25, Cacidus Laced 6. co ccessseneyereuesesawa pecan sieceve cedar esem etn nme x 1 186 96. Cassiculus Swainson.......-----------2e eee eee cece treet crete XI 2 190 oy. Amblyeercis Cabanis......ccasssaveges eeyes seeemesenas ee eeeswereereese XI 1 192 28. Cassidix Lesson.....---.-0.-- eee eee e eee teen eee nee ne nee neenceenes XII 1 196 99. Callothrus Cassin .........------ 22 eee e eee ee eet eee eee eee e eens xX 1 200 30. Molothrus Swainson........------02-.-20ce eee eect eee e ete XII 2 205 SL. Quisenlis Vieillot..os.conscnerecaees seinndnonmnsdARee eeENr ett et eee mess XV 2 212 82. Holoquisealud Caseit ........ 1253 ceeveewsessssenn scar ene eer sree e nen rne XV 1 222 33. Megaquiscalus Cassin......-..---------20seeeeecee err tec ecee reeset XIV 3 233 34. Scolecophagus Swainson .....-.------+---2++-- 22sec ceeee cere rert tees XIII 4 244 85. Ptiloxena Chapman ......-.---------202-eeee22e erent sete XVI 2 251 86. Dives Cassin. ........--02 eee cece eee e ee cee errr erences seeeercnereneces XVII 1 253 87. Icterus Brisson .......-------e-eeeecee eee e rere cere ener etterrnsee XIV al 255 38. Agelaius Vieillot .........-.---------2eeeeceeecc cet crec eects XIV 2 319 89. Nesopsar Sélater .......2..2----eeeeeeeee erste et tere eeererenes XVI 3 344 40. Xanthocephalus Bonaparte XVII 2 346 41. Leistes Vigors......-------22-20--eeeceree scree etter ets XVI 1 350 42, Sturnella Vieillot . XVII 3 353 43, Dolichonyx Swainson .....-.----.---2+-2+-2eeerreetecetet rece XII 3 369 44, Diglossa Wagler....--- XVUI 1 378 45. Chlorophanes Reichenbach ....-..-----+++2+-2-seercrereet etree XVUI 2 382 46. Cyanerpes Oberholser.......------2--20c20cecseee cet ertettersesseecste XVUI 5 384 47, Dacnis Cuvier......---.-.---eee ence cere e reenter enc eter erssenencncns XVIIL 3 390
xIX
xx LIST OF FIGURES.
Page - Genus. Plate. |Figure.) of 2. text.
48. Cosreba, VieilOtiec.i5 vesiseeweresdecmseesoveine see XVIII 6 398 - 49. Glossiptila Sclater XVII 4 423 50. Mniotilta Vieillot.............2-22-.22-2 2022s sees eee XVIII 7 431 51. Helinaia Audubon XIX 1 436 62: Helmitherds Rafinesque...siesscrex peruse pra erteweeew aces serowedsee sen XVIII 8 438 63. Protonotaria Baird.........-.-.--------- pete ener eee eee eee eee ee ee XIX 3 442 54. Helminthophila RIOR WAY ac accnirasenrrimacncaeuied at etateee se anges ee XIX 4 445 6D. ‘Oreothl y pis RIG Sway iss coarse cis cies) mwiamiaratcrcieciascieinraisieraratsicinste eiesalgcre Daves XIX 7 475 56. Compsothlypis Cabamis,...... cen cciciie sense ecscesiencstees eset decane XIX 5 478 57; PeUucedraMUs COUCS savas cece cucececcineeye pcieuewereeeeeceder ner gedd XIX 2 493 58, DEN ATO Cai GLa yes iesiciedssisiescisicre:aielere tse seceiideduisemins Bead meMmeissed Seieesia xIX 6 496 09), Catharopeza Sclatets auc 2asasecveswsmasesemomseuekevnenenseeneieet aioe sien xx 3 619 G0, OpOLOrh iS Bair psec cic camesesssmetinc aeeretecisawninciias vst eaurisiniets ehcicrstees ».0.4 1 621 61. Seiurus Swainson ».0.¢ 2 634 62, xx 6 648 63. Leucopeza Sclater XXI 1 650 64. Microligea Cory.............-.. xX 5 651 65.. Geothl ypis Caba nis: a... c0<cccecassdscssese cn wecimcinesuien' acess venawemecen xx 4 653 66. Chamethly pis RiGS Way iigsedewesanveccpaneneereweedace sneumeoeneweuans xx 7 686 G7, Teteria Viet ts iscccctievincisetraengreleing ale cider ainawocea sd eeearmereretiaies, XXI 2 691 68 Granatellus Bonaparte. .........2..--.eeeee neces ces eees senate ceusecens XXI 3 697 Bo. Wiksonia BoUnpartes ocruscumsecexa agueovasdewstewad is kyon dedsememen XXII 1 703 Os EEC DY Bie ice sens Rica caiswni nue gains Seni onanniah an bane ouNeemaae XXII 2 719 vl» Setophags Swainson ose 3.0% setauismeeaeatiecaseaccnuabcndeaed jeiickorenials XXI 5 722 72h MYAODOTUS Baw aid crrcccaie.ciwinsiat cine stores ge paesawreena even aanies pelieeneedels XXI 4 730 73. WeUthly pISCCabenis: ; 22 siz bs ynedaicd oceacdeeaea Qracitanicesmemmmcnceterch XXII 3 735 74. Basileuterus Cabanis ..........0..0c.ceccceececcecseceecssnnenceccecees XXI 6
25s, BTBAti Cs) Bai di. sean esmnnvesemesmaaciimcincnctey de vekeexrtenicles waeeeees XXII 4
26) Gerthid 6a) GOUl Gyre ancy ciscisis witctnicinsc caase'siercicts a s)eSuede aqeajermouih gutioderciaeoay XXII 6
97, Rhodinocich a, Hartlatbiiccacss os. cccesssoesn yeaa crenevavsnsdeaceevsves XXII 5
THE BIRDS
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.
By Rozgerr Ripeway, Curator, Division of Birds.
Part II.
Family TANAGRIDZ. THE TANAGERS.
Non-granivorous (frugivorous and insectivorous), conirostral, ‘ nine- primaried,” acutiplantar Oscines, with the commissure not abruptly angulated or deflexed basally, and with the mandibular tomium not distinctly angulated (never toothed) subbasally.
As stated under the head of family Fringillide, the division here made (like all preceding ones) between the Tanagers and the Finches is an arbitrary one. The Tanagridew, as here restricted, are without much doubt a more or less artificial group, and I am very doubtful as to whether the fruit-eating Zuphoniw (genera Huphonia, Pyrrhuphonia, and Chlorophonia) should not be separated from the others as a dis- tinct family. This question, however, can only be settled after the internal structure of all the genera has been carefully studied.
From the Tanagride as given by Dr. Sclater in his latest monograph of the group’ I have already removed the genera Pitylus (including Caryothraustes, Rhodothruupis, and Periporphyrus) and Saltator, which are referred to the Fringillide. Another genus must also be removed. This is Calyptophilus Cory, usually placed next to Phenicophilus; but, being a ‘“‘ten-primaried” bird, it obviously does not belong here.?
"Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or Perching Birds, | in the | Collection | of the | British Museum. | — | Fringilliformes: Part II | containing the Families | Cerebide, Tanagride, and Icteride. | By | Philip Lutley Sclater. | London: | Printed by order of the Trustees. | 1886. |
*Calyptophilus is of very doubtful position, but probably is a member of the Mimide.
3654—von 2—01——1 1
2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Other supposed Tanagridex which it seems to me must be removed from this group are the more slender-billed species referred to the genus Chlorospingus, constituting numbers 16 to 32 of Dr. Sclater’s “ cata- logue.” These I would place in the family Mniotiltide under the generic name Hemispingus Cabanis. At the same time, I would add to the Tanagride a species hitherto placed in the Cerebide, namely, ‘“ Daenis” pulcherrima, the type of a new genus, Lridophanes.' To what further extent the limits of the Tanagride may require readjust-
ment I have not at present any opinion to express. The following ‘‘key” to the genera found from the Panama Railroad
northward is mainly artificial and is chiefly based on Central American
species. KEY TO THE GENERA OF TANAGRIDA.
«. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; bill short, triangular in vertical profile (width at base greater than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla), compressed terminally, the maxillary tomium distinctly dilated or convex basally or else gonys very conspicuously upcurved; plumezge chiefly uniform bright green, or blue and green, above, without markings on back or wings or chestnut on head, or else silky, blended and metallic, dark steel blue, violet-black, metallic olive- green, or steel gray above, with or without light blue, yellow or rufous on head; stomach a membraneous sac.? (Euphoniz.)
b. Bill more depressed, its basal depth less than its width at rictus; breast yellow, rufous, glossy blue-black, or green. c. Upper parts green or green and blue; throat green .....-- Chlorophonia (p. 4) cc. Upper parts dark steel blue, glossy violet-black, metallic olive-greenish, or greenish gray (with or without yellow, blue or rufous on pileum); throat black, dark steel blue, violet-blackish, gray, olive-greenish, or yellow. Euphonia (p. 8) bb. Bill thicker, its basal depth equal to its width at rictus; breast gray. Pyrrhuphonia (p. 31) aa. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, or else (Chlorochrysa®) the bill very slender; bill exceedingly variable in shape, but never as in ‘‘a;’’ if short and triangular (Procnopis* and Calospiza, part), its width at base not greater than, distance from nostril to tip of maxilla, the maxillary tomium not distinctly convex or dilated subbasally, and the gonys not conspicuously upcurved; plumage exceedirigly variable, but not as in section ‘‘a;’’ stomach a muscular “oizzard.”’? (Tanagrez.) b. Tail but little more than half as long as wing -.--.-....---- Buthraupis® (p. 32) bb. Tail much more than half as long as wing. c. Outermost (ninth) primary longer than innermost (first).
1 Iridophanes Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 150. (Type, Dacnis pulcherrima Sclater.)
Iridophanes pulcherrima is certainly not a Dacnis, but seems to be related to the “‘Tanagrine”’ genera Chlorochrysa and Hemithraupis, especially the latter.
?See Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, pp. 143-147.
* An extralimital genus. (Chlorochrysa Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxu, 1851, 76; type, Callospiza calliparea Tschudi. )
* An extralimital genus. (Procnopis Cabanis, in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Natiirg., 1844, pt. i, 284; type, P. atrocerulea Tschudi. )
5 Central American species only; the South American species have the tail longer and would be excluded by the character mentioned.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3
d. Outermost primary much longer than third, usually equal to or longer than fourth; if wing less than 71.1 the outermost primary equal to fifth. e. Exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw.
f. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe with claw, more than one-third
as lOnpras tail. 2o..6 2.5. eciaeteteneiels's « oetsacedaacene Calospiza (p. 34)
ff. Tarsus not decidedly, if at all, longer than middle toe with claw, not more than one-third as long as tail.
g. Head unicolored (blue, gray, or olive); maxillary tomium nearly
Saleh foe ca estan ss Seeley ewan coe Tanagra (p. 54) gg. Head conspicuously striped with black and white;! maxillary tomium concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly ........... Spindalis (p. 62)
ee. Exposed culmen not shorter than middle toe without claw.
f. Bill stouter, more or less tumid basally; maxillary tomium with a more or less distinct median tooth, or else plumage unicolored (red in adult males, yellowish in females and young); adult males with more OVrlessOf Ted occctitesccnietceeee eke see ieecaoe: Piranga (p. 75)
Jf. Bill more slender, compressed, the culmen sharply ridged; maxillary
tomium without trace of median tooth, and plumage parti-colored; adult males without any red (except sometimes a supra-auricular stripe).
g. Larger (wing more than 76.2); bill deeper (depth at base nearly half exposed culmen); outermost (ninth) primary shorter than fifth; under parts black or gray, with white axillary patch.
Heterospingus (p. 103) gg. Smaller (wing less than 76.2); bill shallower (depth at base decidedly less than half exposed culmen); outermost (ninth) primary longer
than fifth; under parts yellow or partly yellow. Hemithraupis (p. 105) dd. Outermost (ninth) primary little, if any, longer than third, or else (Tachy- phonus, part) wing less than 71.1, and outermost primary shorter than fifth.
e. Loral and frontal feathers stiff, erect, dense, plush-like.
Jf. Mandibular rami enlarged and swollen, longer than gonys; sexes differ- ent in color (adult males black and red or black and yellow, adult
females much duller) .....-..--...------------ Ramphocelus (p. 107) Jf. Mandibular rami not unusually developed, shorter than gonys; sexes alike in color (black and red) .......--.---- Phlogothraupis (p. 120)
ee. Loral and frontal feathers normal. f. Maxilla strongly hooked at tip, its tomium with a conspicuous median “tOOth saccueecaweniehes de Sasaentae Seek lete's aisle Lanio (p. 122) ff. Maxilla not strongly hooked at tip, its tomium without a conspicuous
(if any) ‘‘ tooth.”
g. Bill larger, the exposed culmen two-thirds, or more, as long as tarsus. h. Bill more slender (depth of maxilla immediately in front of nos- trils less than one-third the distance from nostril to tip).
i. Tail even, shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries; ninth primary longer than third; color olive-green above, gray or gray and white below; head black and white; sexes alike in color.........-...--.---- Phenicophilus (p. 126)
wi. Tail rounded, equal to or longer than distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries; ninth primary shorter than third; adult males black, usually with white on wing coverts (sometimes with red, yellow, etc., on pileum); adult females rufous, brownish, olive, or yellowish --....-...- Tachyphonus (p. 129)
‘Except in females and young.
4 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
hh. Bill stouter (depth of maxilla immediately in front of nostril more than one-third the distance from nostril to tip). i. Tail equal to distance from bend of wing to tips of secondaries; pileum with a bushy crest.
j. Bill smaller, more slender; maxillary tomium without median tomial tooth; occipital crest (and rest of head) gray; sexes alike (yellowish olive-green above, yellow below).
Eucometis (p. 138)
jj. Bill larger, stouter; maxillary tomium with a more or less
distinct.median ‘‘tooth;’’ vertical crest red; sexes very dif-
ferent (adult males mostly, or largely, red; adult females brown or olive above, including head, yellowish below).
Pheenicothraupis (p. 141)
ii. Tail decidedly shorter than distance from bend of wing to tips
of secondaries; pileum not crested.
j. Bill stouter, much broader basally (basal width greater than basal depth, and equal to length of gonys); tarsus not more than one-fourth as long as wing; coloration plain olive-green, more yellowish below. .--..--------- Chlorothraupis (p. 154)
jj. Bill more slender, narrower basally (basal width less than
basal depth, decidedly less than length of gonys); tarsus
much more than one-fourth as long as wing; coloration plain
_grayish brown above, whitish below. ..Nesospingus (p. 156)
gg. Bill much smaller, the exposed culmen much less than two-thirds
as long as tarsus ......-.---------+------- Chlorospingus (p. 157)
ce. Outermost (ninth) primary shorter than innermost (first). ‘ Mitrospingus (p. 167)
Genus CHLOROPHONIA Bonaparte.
Chlorophonia (not Chlorophoneus Cabanis, 1850)! Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 111, 1851, 137. (Type, Tanagra viridis Vieillot. )
Chloreuphonia (emendation) SciatEr, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 94.
Triglyphidia? Reicnensacn, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 63. (Type, Tanagra viridis Vieillot.) (See Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., v1, 1860, 331.)
Acrocompsa® CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., rx, Jan., 1861, 88, 89. (Type, Triglyphidia callophrys Cabanis. )
Small broad-gaped, short-tailed, frugivorous Tanagers with the plumage mainly pure grass green.
Bill small but broad at base, triangular in vertical profile, its basal width equal to length of maxilla from nostril (C. virzdis) to nearly equal length of exposed culmen (other species); exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus (or a little more or less), nearly straight basally, more or less strongly convex terminally; gonys nearly or quite equal to dis- tance from nostril to tip of maxilla, more or less strongly convex, ascending terminally; maxillary tomium more or less strongly notched near tip (sometimes distinctly toothed behind the notch), thence nearly
1 Chlorophoneus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, 1850; 70. Type, Malaconotus rubiginosus Sun- devall. .(Laniide.)
2“Diminutive Ableitung von yADpis, i605, die Kerbe.’? (Cabanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 331, foot note. )
3“ Von &kpos, obenauf, und Koupds, geschmiickt.”
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5
straight (C. viridis) or more or less strongly sinuated, the posterior convexity (beneath nostril) more decided than the anterior concavity; mandibular tomium nearly straight. Nostril exposed, small, roundish. Rictal bristles not obvious. Wing rather long (more than three and a half to about four and three-fourths times as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth to sixth primaries longest and nearly equal, ninth decidedly shorter than sixth only in C. pretrii); primaries exceeding secondaries by about length of tarsus or a little more. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hind claw decidedly shorter than the digit.
Coloration.—Chiefly or largely uniform bright grass green, with more or less of yellow on under parts, the upper parts often partly blue.
Range.—Tropical America (except West Indies), from southern Mexico to southern Brazil and Bolivia.
There is considerable variation in details of form among the differ- ent species of this genus. The type, C. véridis, bas the bill far more slender than any of the others, with the culmen and gonys less strongly curved, the maxillary tomium nearly straight and very indis- tinctly notched subterminally; the tip of the maxilla scarcely decurved or uncinate, and the mandibular tomium slightly concave anteriorly, the tip of the mandible being thus obviously recurved and acuminate. The tarsus is also relatively shorter, and the upper parts are mainly blue. C. occtpitalis represents the opposite extreme in shape of bill, all the other species being much nearer to it, however, than to C. vere- dis. All have the four outermost primaries nearly equal and longest, except C. pretrii, which has the ninth much shorter than the sixth, the eighth being longest. The last-named species is unique in having a yellow patch on the rump.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHLOROPHONIA.
a. A patch of blue on occiput and hinder part of crown. b. Breast bright yellow, margined anteriorly by a semicircular narrow band or collar of blackish or dark brown. (Adult males. ) / ¢, Forehead and superciliary region green; occipital spot smaller, turquoise blue; hindneck green. (Southern Mexico; Guatemala. ) Chlorophonia occipitalis, adult male (p. 6) cc. Forehead and superciliary region yellow; occipital spot large, campanula blue; hindneck cerulean or turquoise blue. (Costa Rica; Veragua; Chiri- QUI. ienaas oc gacemnalnne denice Chlorophonia callophrys, adult male (p. 7) bb. Breast green, not margined anteriorly by blackish or dark-brown collar. (Adult females. ) c. Occipital spot smaller, turquoise blue; hindneck entirely green, without dis- tinct, if any, blue collar across lower part. Chlorophonia occipitalis, adult female (p. 6) ce. Occipital spot larger, campanula blue; hindneck mostly blue, with distinct collar of turquoise blue across lower portion. Chlorophonia callophrys, adult female (p. 7) aa. No blue on pileum, or else this merely indicated. (Immature males and females and young. )
6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CHLOROPHONIA OCCIPITALIS (Du Bus).
MEXICAN CHLOROPHONIA.
Adult male.—General color plain bright grass green or parrot green, rather lighter on chin, throat, and chest; a large oval spot or patch of bright turquoise blue on occiput; a bar of turquoise blue across pos- terior margin of sides of neck, sometimes continued across lower hindneck; breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts bright yellow (lemon or gamboge), the former margined anteriorly by a narrow semicircular band of chestnut-brown, darkening into almost black next to green of chest; sides and flanks bright yellowish green; bill (in dried skins) grayish brown or horn color, becoming blackish termi- nally; legs and feet light brownish (in dried skins); length (skins), 124.5-134.6 (125.7); wing, 76.2-78.7 (77.7); tail, 46.2-46.7 (46.5); exposed culmen, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 6.9-7.1; tar- sus, 17.8-18.8 (18.3); middle toe, 13.5-14.2 (13.7)."
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but breast and other under parts light yellowish green, becoming light greenish yellow on abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts; no dark brown collar across upper breast; length (skins), 120.7-138.4 (126.2); wing, 75.9-78.2 (77); tail, 43.2-46.2 (44.5); exposed culmen, 8.4-9.7 (9.4); depth of bill at base, 6.4-7.1 (6.6); tarsus, 17.8-18.8 (18.3); middle toe, 13.2-14.7 (14).
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Orizaba), Mexico (Valley of Mexico’), and Chiapas (Gineta Mountains), and highlands of Guatemala (Coban, Choctum, etc.).’
Euphonia oceipitalis Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1847, pl. 14 (= female; Mexico).— Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 233.—Scrater, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 90.—JarDINE, Ibis, 1860, 103.
Chlorophonia occipitalis Bonaparte, Rev, et Mag. de Zool., 1851, 138.—CassiN, Rep. U. S. Astr. Exp. (Gilliss), ii, 1855, 182, pl. 20, fig. 2 (Mexico).—Scza- tER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 270 (s. Mexico); 1857, 205 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 96; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 55 (Jalapa and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Coban, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 57 (Choctum, Guatemala, etc. ).—ScLaTerR and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 17 (Guatemala); Exotic Orn., 1869, 83, ,1. 42 (male and female).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (tierra caliente of Vera Cruz).—Lawrence, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Gineta Mts., Chiapas).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 253.
[Chlorophonia] occipitalis Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
T[riglyphidia] occipitalis CaBants, Journ. fir Orn., viii, 1860, 331, in text.
Al[erocompsa] occipitalis CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, March, 1861, 89, in text.
1 Three specimens, all from Guatemala.
* Five specimens; four from Guatemala, one from Jalapa, Vera Cruz.
*I am unable to state whether there is any difference between Mexican and Guate- malan examples of this species, the only specimens of the former that I have seen being cage birds, and not in proper condition of plumage for satisfactory comparison.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7
Euphonia cyaneidorsalis Dupois, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., xi, 1859, 49, pl. 2 (Guatemala; type lost).
Euphonia eyanodorsalis Jarpine, Ibis, 1860, 103 (crit.).—Sciater, Cat. Birds
_ Brit. Mus. xi, 1886, 53, footnote.
[Euphonia] cyanodorsalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 79, no. 7163.
A[crocompsa] cyanodorsalis CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, March, 1861, 89, in text.
C[hlorophonia] cyanodorsalis ScuateR and Satvin, Exotic Orn., pt. vi, April, 1868, 83, 84, in text.
Chloroph[onia] cyanodorsalis Duzots, Ibis, 1881, 179, in text (crit.; considers it an accidental variety of C. occipitalis).
Chlorophonia cyanodorsalis Sauvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 255.
CHLOROPHONIA CALLOPHRYS (Cabanis). COSTA RICAN CHLOROPHONIA,
Adult male.—Forehead and broad superciliary stripe (extending to sides of occiput) bright yellow (gamboge or rich chrome), the forehead sometimes tingeC or mixed with yellowish green; anterior portion of crown yellowish green; rest of crown, with occiput, clear campanula blue, forming a large oblong or oval patch; hindneck azure blue, becoming more turquoise blue below, where sending off lateral branches across posterior margin of sides of neck; rest of head and neck, with chest, uniform bright yellowish green, the eyelids tinged with blue; wkole breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts bright yellow (lemon or gamboge), the yellow of the breast separated from the green of the chest by a semicircular narrow band of brownish black tinged with chestnut; sides and flanks uniform bright yellowish green; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail plain bright yellowish grass green, the primaries blackish, edged with green; bill grayish brown or horn color basally, blackish terminally; legs and feet light horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 133.4-135.9 (134.6); wing, 76.2-79.2 (77.5); tail, 43.2-46.7 (45.5); exposed culmen, 9.1-9.7 (9.4); depth of bill at base, 5.8-6.4 (6.1); tarsus, 18.3-19.1 (18.5); middle toe, 13.2-13.5 (13.2).’
Adult female.—Similar to adult male but with forehead and super- ciliary region ,reen instead of yellow; occipital patch slightly darker blue; blue of hindneck mixed with green; breast green instead of yellow, and yellow of abdomen, etc., paler and less sharply defined against green of sides and flanks; length (skins), 121.9-188.4 (130.8); wing, 72.4-14.9 (73.4); tail, 40.6-42.9 (41.7); exposed culmen, 9.7—-10.2 (9.7); depth of bill at base, 6.4-7.1 (6.6); tarsus, 17.8-18.8 (18.3); middle toe, 13.2.”
Immature male and female.—Similar to the adult female, but colors duller, and without any blue on pileum or neck, or with only scattered blue feathers.
1See Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 53, footnote. 2? Five specimens.
8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Highlands of Costa Rica (Rancho Redondo; San José; Birris; Cer- vantes; Candelaria; Navarro; Irazi), Veragua (Chitra; Calovevora; Cordillera del Chucu; Calobre), and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui).
Triglyphidia callophrys CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Sept., 1860, 331 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus. ).
Acrocompsa callophrys CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., ix, Jan., 1861, 88.
Chlorophonia cailophrys LawREnce, Ann. Lye. N. Y.,ix, 1868, 98 (Rancho Redondo, San José, and Birris, Costa Rica).—Satvaporr, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 173 (Costa Rica).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Cervantes and Candelaria, Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185 (Volean de Chiriqui; Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Vera- gua).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro and Candela- ria, Costa Rica).—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Cent. Am., Aves, i, 1883, 254 (Irazu, etc., Costa Rica; Calobre, etc., Veragua).—ScLaTeEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 58.—ZeLepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (San José, Cartago, Alajuela, Rancho Redondo, and Naranjo de Cartago).
[Chlorophonia] callophrys SctaTER and Sauvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
Chlorophonia calophrys ScLaTER and Sayin, Exotic Orn., Dee., 1868, 84, pl. 68 (male and female).
Genus EUPHONIA Desmarest.
Euphonia Desmargst, Hist. Nat. des Tangaras, 1805, sub pl. 19. (Type, Pipra musica Gmelin?)
Euphone (emendation) ‘‘Cuv[1Er], Aves, 1829’’ (fide Scudder’s Nomencl. Zool., Univ. Index, p. 120).
Euphona (emendation) CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 31.—Bonaparts, Conso. Gen. Avium, 1850, 232.
Cyanophonia Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2d ser., iii, March, 1851, 138 (Type, Pipra musica Gmelin.)
Acroleptes ‘‘Schiff’? Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 4, i, 1854,127. (Type, Tana- gra chlorotica Linnzus?; see Cabanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1861, 90.)
Itiolopha Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 4, i, 1854,127. (Type, Tanagra cayana Linnzeus? )
Ypophaea ‘‘Schiff’’ Bonaparte, Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 4, i, 1854, 127. (Type, Tana- gra chalybea Mikan?)
Hypophaea (emendation) Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91.
Phonasca Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 330. (Type, Tanagra violacea Linnseus. )
Very small, short-tailed, broad-gaped, frugivorous Tanagers, with the plumage never bright grass green, nor with blue on upper parts, or else with only the pileum and hindneck blue, the remaining upper surface plain dark steel blue, glossy blue-black, or olive-green.
Bill short (exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus), triangular in vertical profile, but extremely variable as to proportionate length, breadth, and depth, the extremes, connected by intermediate forms, being represented by three types, as follows: (1) Bill very broad and depressed, its width at base equal to length of exposed culmen, its lateral outlines distinctly sinuate (convex basally and concave ter- minally); depth of bill at base equal to only about half its width. (Z. musica, type of the genus.) (2) Bill slender, almost terete, ts
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9
width at base less even than half the distance from the nostril to tip of maxilla, its lateral outlines nearly straight, but less rapidly converg- ing for terminal third; depth of bill at base about equal to its width at nostrils. (E. minuta.) (8) Bill extremely thick and swollen, with lateral outlines nearly straight, its width at base nearly equal to exposed culmen, and basal depth exceeding distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; culmen and gonys both very strongly convex. (£. cha- lybea, type of Ypophwa Bonaparte.) Wing long (more than three and a half to four and a half times as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth to sixth primaries longest and usually nearly equal, the ninth some- times longest and never as short as the fifth); primaries exceeding secondaries by not less than length of tarsus. Tail short (never more than two-thirds nor less than half as long.as wing), even, slightly rounded or slightly emarginated, the rectrices rather broad, with rounded tips. Tarsus equal to or longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw; hind claw shorter than its digit; all the claws well curved and sharp. Plumage soft, silky, and blended.
Coloration.—Adult males glossy, more or less metallic, above, the prevailing color usually black glossed with violet, steel blue, or green, with the head above usually with more or less of blue, yellow, or rufous; if not glossy black above, the color semimetallic olive-green or bluish gray; under parts usually mainly yellow (sometimes orange- rufous, rarely grayish), with or without black throat and chest. Females with olive-green and yellowish (sometimes with gray and white also) replacing the black and brighter hues of the males. Young essentially similar to adult females, wholly unstreaked.
Notwithstanding the vast difference in the form of the bill exhibited by the three extremes described above, the remaining thirty-odd spe- cies show every possible intermediate condition, and consequently, being unable to discover any other segregative characters, I am dis- posed to ignore the so-called genus Ypophwa, recognized by Dr. Sclater in the eleventh volume of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum. Dr. Sclater says that this lacks the notch near the tip of the maxillary tomium; but I find it quite as distinctly indicated in specimens examined as in some examples of true Huphonia. Should Ypophea be recognized as a genus it would be quite necessary to restrict Huphonia to &. musica and its nearer allies, make /. minuta the type of another genus, and perhaps carry the subdivision still further.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EUPHONIA.
a, Crown, occiput, and hindneck light blue. b. Back dark steel blue or glossy blue-black. c. Rump black like back; forehead chestnut. (Southern Mexico to Isthmus of Panama. )......---------------- Euphonia elegantissima, adult male (p. 12) cc. Rump yellow; forehead yellow.
10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
d. Chin and throat glossy blue-black; under parts of body and lower rump
orange-ochraceous. (Haiti.)-....--- Euphonia musica, adult male (p. 13) dd. Chin and throat yellow; under parts of body and whole rump yellow. (Porto Rico.)....-.-------------- Euphonia sclateri, adult male (p. 15)
bb. Back olive-green. c. Forehead chestnut; throat pale cinnamon. Euphonia elegantissima, adult female (p. 12) cc. Forehead not chestnut; throat yellow. d. Forehead ochraceous; crown, occiput, and hindneck azure blue. Euphonia musica, adult female (p. 14) dd. Forehead gamboge yellow; crown, occiput, and hindneck light cerulean or turquoise blue. e. Sides of head greenish dusky; back glossed with metallic bluish green. (Lesser Antilles, St. Bartholomew to Grenada. ) : Euphonia flavifrons, adult male (p. 15) ee. Sides of head yellowish olive-green, like back; back without distinct ° metalic gloss. f. Bill larger (exposed culmen 7.4 or more, depth at base 4.8 or more); under parts less yellowish olive-green. Euphonia flavifrons, adult female (p. 16) ff. Bill smaller (exposed culmen 6.7, depth at base 4.6); under parts more yellowish olive-green...Euphonia sclateri, adult female (p. 15) aa. Crown, occiput, and hindneck not light blue. b. Back dark steel blue or glossy blue-black or violet-black. c. Throat black or dark steel blue or violet. d. Throat black; forehead, crown, and occiput rufous-tawny. (Costa Rica; Weraguay) occ scesee so sedet hee ese Euphonia annex, adult male (p. 17) dd. Throat dark steel blue or glossy violet-black; forehead yellow. e. Under tail-coverts tawny-ochraceous; abdomen yellowish ochraceous. (Northern Colombia to Isthmus of Panama. ) Euphonia fulvicrissa, adult male (p. 18) ee. Under tail-coverts not tawny; abdomen pure yellow. f. Under tail-coverts lemon or canary yellow.
g. Inner webs of outermost rectrices wholly black or with only a small spot of white on edge near tip; whole crown yellow.
h. Larger (wing 55.9-61); occiput dark steel-blue, like hindneck, the yellow of crown extending much farther backward medially than laterally, the yellow feathers with triangular central spots of black. (Costa Rica; Veragua.)
Euphonia gracilis, adult male (p. 19) hh. Smaller (wing 55.1-55.9); occiput yellow, like crown and fore- head, the yellow with straight or truncated posterior margin, the yellow feathers without central spots of black. (Costa Rica; Veragua.).....-.-.--- Euphonia luteicapilla, adult male (p. 20) gg. Inner webs of outermost rectrices extensively (more than one-half) white. (Southern Mexico to Costa Rica. )
Euphonia affinis, adult male (p. 21)
Jf. Under tail-coverts white (sometimes tinged with yellow).
g. Bill shorter, much stouter (exposed culmen 6.9-7.4, depth at base 4.6-5.1); yellow of forehead paler, extending to posterior angle of eye; yellow of under parts lighter, without dusky clouding on sides and flanks. (Western Mexico.)
Euphonia godmani, adult male (p. 24)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 11
gg. Bill longer and more slender (exposed culmen 7.1-7.6, depth at base 3.3-3.7); yellow of forehead deeper (bright lemon), not extending beyond middle of eyes; yellow of under parts deeper, with dusky clouding on sides and flanks. (Guatemala to Isthmus of Panama. ) Euphonia minuta humilis, adult male (p. 23) dd. Throat yellow, like rest of under parts.
e. Yellow of forehead not extending beyond middle of eyes, its posterior outline directly transverse or truncated. *(Southern Mexico to Costa RiCdidneeien neues eee Euphonia hirundinacea, adult male (p. 25)
ee. Yellow of forehead extending much beyond eyes, with strongly convex
or rounded posterior outline. (Costa Rica to Colombia. ) Euphonia crassirostris, adult male (p. 28) bb. Back olive-green or olive-gray. c. Abdomen or under tail-coverts (or both) tawny or ochraceous; back, etc., strongly glossed with metallic greenish. d. Forehead and fore part of crown lemon yellow. (Southern Mexico to Costa IRCA) eae wnt on ote Ras Aes At iat Euphonia gouldi, adult male (p. 29) dd. Forehead chestnut. e. Abdomen deep olive-yellowish. .--. Euphonia gouldi, adult female (p. 29) ee. Abdomen tawny or ochraceous. f. Larger (wing 57.4-58.4); whole abdomen tawny. ; Euphonia gracilis, adult female (p. 20) ff. Smaller (wing 48.8); only median line of abdomen tawny or ochraceous. Euphonia fulvicrissa, adult female (p. 18) cc. Neither abdomen nor under tail-coverts tawny or ochraceous. d. Back bright olive-green. e. Occiput olive-green, like back. f. Median under parts (broadly) grayish, in strong contrast with yellowish olive-green of sides and flanks. g. Under tail-coverts grayish brown with whitish tips; forehead strongly tinged with rusty; gray of median under parts much darker. Euphonia annee, adult female (p. 17) gg. Under tail-coverts light olive-yellow; forehead and crown yellowish olive-green, like rest of upper parts; gray of median under parts much paler_....---.- Euphonia hirundinacea, adult female (p. 26) ff. Median under parts yellow, like sides and flanks, or at least so on chest. g. Under parts entirely yellow or olive-yellow; under tail-coverts yellow. h. Larger (wing 59.7-63.5), with much stouter bill; inner webs of outermost rectrices with a subterminal white spot. Euphonia crassirostris, adult female (p. 28) hh. Smaller (wing 51.0-51.8); inner webs of outermost rectrices with- out any white ......- Euphonia luteicapilla, adult female (p. 21) gg. Under parts with lower throat pale gray, lower abdomen and under tail-coverts white. Euphonia minuta humilis, adult female (p. 24) ee. Occiput grayish, more or less distinctly different from olive-green of back. f. Abdomen and under tail-coverts white. Euphonia godmani, adult female (p. 25) ff. Under parts wholly yellowish, the under tail-coverts clear lemon yellow . .-.-- Euphonia affinis, adult female ? (young male ?) (p. 22) dd. Back olive-grayish. ' Euphonia affinis, young female ? (adult female ?) (p. 23)
12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
EUPHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA (Bonaparte). BLUE-HOODED EUPHONIA.
Adult maile.—Forchead (more or less broadly) chestnut, margined behind by a bar of black; crown, occiput, hindneck, and sides of neck uniform light cerulean or turquoise blue, the feathers dusky grayish beneath the surface; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform dark steel blue, more or less tinged with violet, especially on back; wings and tail black with steel blue edgings, these broader and more violet on middle and greater wing-coverts, very indistinct and (when obvious) more greenish on primaries; loral, sub- orbital, auricular, and malar regions, chin, and throat, uniform black, more or less glossed with steel blue or violet; rest of under parts deep orange-ochraceous or orange-tawny, deeper, more chestnut-tawny, on chest; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow, or white tinged with yellow or buffy; bill black with basal portion of mandible gray- ish; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 100.3-116.8 (108.5); wing, 63-71.1 (66); tail, 37.6-45.2 (40.1); exposed culmen, 6.6-7.1 (6.9); tarsus, 12.2-15.2 (14.5); middle toe, 9.7-12.2 (11.2)."
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck as in adult male, but black bar separating chestnut of forehead from blue of crown less distinct; rest of upper parts bright olive-green, more or less glossed with metallic bluish green; remiges and rectrices blackish or dusky edged with olive- green (very narrowly on primaries, very broadly on tertials, which have outer webs mostly or wholly olive-green); auricular, suborbital, and loral regions olive-green, the malar region similar but paler or more yellowish; chin and throat light ochraceous or cinnamon-buff; rest of under parts light yellowish olive-green, more olive-yellowish medially; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 99.1-114.3 (110.2); wing, 61-64.3 (62.7); tail, 33.3-39.6 (86.8); exposed culmen, 6.1-7.6 (6.9); depth of bill at base, 4.3-4.6; tarsus, 13.7-15.7 (15); middle toe, 10.2-11.9 (11.7).?
Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa; Ori- zaba); Puebla (Chachapa); Mexico (City of Mexico); Oaxaca (J uquila; La Parada), Guanajuato, etc., to Veragua (Calovevora).
' Nine specimens. ? Seven specimens.
Depth Locality. . | Wing.) Tail, |EXPosed) oF hin | Tarsus,| Middle culmen. atbase, toe. MALES.
Five adult males from southern Mexico.........--. 66.8 41.7 6.9 4.3 14,2 11.2 Two adult males from Guatemala .......-.......... 65.3 38.4 6.9 3.6 14,2 i.7 Two adult males from Costa Rica and Veragua ....| 64.5 39.4 6.9 4.6 15.2 10.9
FEMALES. Three adult females from southern Mexico ........ 62.7) 87.8 6.9 4.3) 14.7 10.9 One adult female from Guatemala.................. 64 38.6 7.6 4.6 15.2 4 Three adult females from Costa Ricaand Veragua..| 62.7 35.8 6.9 4.3 15.5 10.9
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13
Euphone tibicen Licutenstetn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2; Journ. fiir Orn. 1863, 56 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz; = nomen nudum!) .
Pipra elegantissima Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 112 (Mexico).
E[uphonia] elegantissima Gray, Gen. Birds, App., 1849, 17.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 453.
[Euphona] elegantissima Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 232.
E[uphona] elegantissina Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 31 (Mexico).
Euphona elegantissima Satvaport, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 173 (Costa Rica).
Euphonia elegantissima Du Bus, Esquis. Orn., 1850, pl. 8 (San Pedro).—ScuateEr, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 83 (monogr.); Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1855, 66 (sub Pipra galericulata); 1856, 272 (monogr.), 303 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 303 (La Parada, Oaxaca) ; 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 378 (Juquila, Oaxaca; descr. nest and eggs); 1864, 173 (Valley of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 98; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 56 (s. Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 62 (near City of Mexico; Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Oaxaca; ridge above Calderas, Choctum, and Coban, Guatemala; Volcan de Cartago, Irazi distr., and Turrialba, Costa Rica; Calovevora, Veragua).—Barrp, in Stans- bury’s Rep. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 330 (‘‘Texas’’); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 304; ed. 1860 (‘‘ Birds N. Am.’’), atlas, pl. 71, figs. 2, 3; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 224.—Scuarer and Satyin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guate- mala).—CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 331.—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (San José, Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (hot, temperate, and alpine regions, Vera Cruz).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 185 (Calovevora, Veragua).—Dvueks, La Naturaleza, i, 1870, 140 (Guanajuato) .— Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (San José, Costa Rica; food; song).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 160.—Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 256.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 606.—FrErrari-Prrez, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (Chachapa, Puebla; Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Zerepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago and San José, Costa Rica).— Cuerriz, Auk, vii, 1890, 334 (San José, Costa Rica); ix, 1892, 24 (San José; descr. abnormally colored male).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa).
[Euphonia] elegantissima ScLaTER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
Euphonia coelestis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 1839, 42 (Mexico).—Dvu Bus, Esquis. Orn., Orn., 1847, pl. 14.
Pipra galericulata Grravup, Sixteen Sp. Texan Birds, 1841, fol. 21, pl. 5, fig. 2 (‘‘Texas;”’ type in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.; see Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 66).
EUPHONIA MUSICA (Gmelin).
HAITIAN EUPHONIA,
Adult male.—Forehead yellow (dull lemon to saffron or dull cad- mium), bordered behind by a bar of black or glossy blue-black; crown, occiput, hindneck, and sides of neck plain azure blue, the feathers dusky grayish beneath the surface; back, scapulars, and upper tail- coverts dark violaceous steel blue, or blue-black glossed with violet; wings and tail black with dark violaceous steel blue edgings, upper rump lemon yellow, passing into ochraceous or tawny-ochraceous on lower rump; lores black; suborbital, auricular, and malar regions,
14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
chin, and throat uniform dark violaceous steel blue, or black glossed with that color; rest of under parts bright yellowish ochraceous, more yellowish on breast and chest, where becoming deeper, more tawny, next to black of foreneck, and eradwally becoming deeper posteriorly, the under tail-coverts orange-tawny; thighs light olive-yellow, the feathers dusky beneath the surface; bill black, the mandible brownish basally; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 105.4-108 (106.7); wing, 63; tail, 35.8-37.6 (36.6); exposed culmen, 6.4-6.6; depth of bill at base, 4.1-4.8 (4.3); tarsus, 14.7-15; middle toe, 10.2-10.9 (10.4).
Adult female.—Pileum as in adult male, but black bar between yel- lowish of forehead and blue of crown narrower; back, scapulars, lesser, middle, and greater wing-coverts, plain olive-green, slightly glossed with metallic bluish green; rump and upper tail-coverts simi- lar, but more yellowish olive-green; secondaries and rectrices dusky with olive-green edgings; primaries dusky, narrowly edged with pale glaucous or whitish, passing into olive-green basally; auricular and suborbital regions dusky olive-green, slightly tinged with blue, the malar region lighter and more bluish; chin and throat canary yellow; rest of under parts deep olive-yellow or light yellowish olive-green; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skin), 106.7; wing, 61.7; tail, 36.1; exposed culmen, 6.1; depth of bill at base, 4.6; tarsus, 15; mid- dle toe, 10.4.
Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles.
(Pipra] musica GME.in, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 1004 (based on L’ Organiste, de St. Do- mingue Buffon, Pl. Enl., pl. 809, fig. 1).
Tanagra musica ViuitLotT, Ene. Méth., ii, 1823, 783.—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1866, 92 (Santo Domingo).
E[uphonia] musica Gray, Gen. Birds, i, 1846, 367.
[Euphonia] musica ScLater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
[Euphona] musica Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 232.
Euphonia musica Scratsr, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 82 (St. Domingo; “‘Cay- enne?’’); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 271 (monogr.; St. Domingo; ‘‘Cuba’’); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 97; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 59 (Samana, Santo Domingo).—Sa uk, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 231 (Santo Domingo; Haiti).—Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 152 (Haiti; descr. young male); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1885, 61, pl. (10); Auk., iii, 1886, 192 (synonymy, descr., etc.); Birds W. I., 1889, 79; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113, 131.—Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 168 (Santo Domingo).—CHeErriz, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 13 (Honduras and Maniel, Santo Domingo).
Euphone musica Lumprye, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 42 (Cuba; error; see Gundlach, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 476; 1861, 409).
Euphona musica Gunpuaca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1855, 476.
E[uphonia] czruleocephala Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 286, part (quotes Pl. Enl. 809, fig. 1).
1 Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15
EUPHONIA SCLATERI Sundevall. PORTO RICAN EUPHONIA,
Adult male.—Forehead saffron yellow, margined behind by a bar of black across anterior part of crown; rest of pileum, hindneck, and sides of neck uniform cerulean blue; back scapulars and upper tail-coverts uniform glossy blue-black, with a slight violet tinge; wings and tail black with glossy blue-black or dark steel blue edgings; entire rump and under parts of body rich saffron yellow, the chin and throat simi- lar but rather paler; lores, suborbital region, auricular region, and part of malar region uniform glossy black; maxilla black, paler beneath nostrils; mandible grayish basally, blackish terminally; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 97.8-102.9 (99.6); wing, 58.4-60.5 (59.4); tail, 33.5-34 (33.8); exposed culmen, 6.9-7.1 (6.9); depth of bill at base, 4.1-4.6 (4.3); tarsus, 14.7-15.2 (15); middle toe, 10.7-10.9 (10.7).?
Adult female.—Forehead gamboge yellow, margined posteriorly by an indistinct dusky bar across anterior part of crown; rest of pileum, hindneck, and sides of neck uniform light greenish blue (turquoise); loral, suborbital, and auricular regions and most of malar region plain olive-green; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts plain deep olive-green, with a slight gloss of metallic bluish green; rump yellowish olive-green; remiges and rectrices blackish, the latter and the secondaries with broad edgings of olive-green, the primaries with narrow edgings of the same or pale greenish gray; under parts deep olive- yellow, becoming purer yellow on chin, throat, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts, the last with central portion more olive; bill and feetas inadultmale; length (skin), 121.9; wing, 59.2; tail, 32.8; exposed culmen, 6.9; depth’of bill at base, 4.6; tarsus, 15.2; middle toe, 10.9.”
Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
Pipra musica (not of Gmelin) Viertxot, Gal. Ois., Suppl., 1834, pl. s. n.
Cyanophonia musica Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2d ser., iii, March, 1851, 138; Note sur les Tangaras, 1851, 12.
Euphonia flavifrons (not Emberiza flavifrons Sparrmann) Scuatsr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 271 (Porto Rico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 97 (Porto Rico).
[Euphonia] flavifrons Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 77, no. 7121.—SciaTer and Sa.- vin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Fuphonia sclateri Sunpevaui, Oefv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 596 (Porto Rico; coll. Stockholm Mus.; ex Bonaparte, manuscript ).—GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 311; 1878, 159; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 191.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 194 (synonymy and description); Birds W. I., 1889, 81; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113, 132.—Scrarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 60.
EUPHONIA FLAVIFRONS (Sparrmann). GREEN EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead lemon or gamboge yellow, margined pos- teriorly by a transverse line or bar of black; crown, occiput, hind-
1 Three specimens. 2 One specimen.
16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
neck, and sides of neck uniform light cerulean or turquoise blue, the feathers dusky grayish beneath the surface; back, scapulars, wing- coverts, tertials, and upper tail-coverts uniform olive-green, glossed with metallic bluish green; rump yellowish olive-green, or bright olive-yellowish; secondaries, primaries, and rectrices blackish or dusky, edged with olive-green, the edgings on primaries narrower and inclin- ing to pale grayish; lores blackish; suborbital, auricular, and malar regions dusky olive-green, the last sometimes partly yellow; chin and throat lemon yellow; rest of under parts uniform yellowish olive-green; under wing-coverts whitish, tinged with yellow; axillars light yellow; bill black, with basal portion of mandible grayish; iris brown; ' legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 106.7-120.7 (112.8); wing, 60.2-65.3 (63); tail, 37.6-41.1 (39.1); exposed culmen, 7.1-7.9 (7.6); depth of bill at base, 4.6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 15-17.5 (16.3); middle toe, 10.2-11.9 (11.2).?
Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but olive-green of back, wings, etc., decidedly lighter and without metallic bluish green gloss; rump much less yellowish; yellow of chin and throat paler and less strongly contrasted with color of cheeks and auriculars, the latter yellowish olive-green instead of dusky bluish olive-green; under parts usually paler and less yellowish olive-green; blue of hood usually slightly paler and duller, sometimes more greenish blue; black bar between yellow of forehead and blue of crown much less distinct, sometimes obsolete; length (skins), 101.6-121.9 (111); wing, 58.9-67.6 (62.2); tail, 37.1-40.6 (88.4); exposed culmen, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 15.7-17 (16.5); middle toe, 10.7-11.9 (11.2).°
Lesser Antilles (islands of St. Bartholomew, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, and Grenada).
1“ Tris hazel;’’? (Ober, manuscript). ? Ten specimens. ®Ten specimens. Specimens from different islands average as follows:
Depth .
Fi Z «; |Exposed' i Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. of bill | Tarsus.
culmen.|.t base. toe. MALES, Three adult males from Guadeloupe ............... 64.8 39.6 7.6 4.8 16.5 14 Two adult males from Grenada...............2..... 62 38.6 7.4 4.8 16.3 14 Two adult males from Santa Lucia................. 61 37.6 Tal Neceareee 16.5 11.2 One adult male from St. Vincent................22. 65 41.1 7.4 4.8} 16 10.7 One adult male from St. Bartholomew ............. 61.5] 38.9 7.9 5.1 15.5 10,2 One adult male from Martinique................... 62.7] 38.6 7.9 4.8) 16 11.9 FEMALES.
Two adult females from Guadeloupe ............... 62.2] 38.1 7.4 4.8| 16.5 14 Two adult females from Santa Lucia............... 59.9] 37.3 7.4 4.8] 16.5 10.9 Four adult females from Dominica................. 64.6] 39.6 7.6 4.8| 16.8 IL.2 One adult female from Martinique ................. 61.7| 36.1 RN tececraes 17 1.9
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 17
Emberiza flavifrons SparrMaNN, Mus. Carls., iv, 1789, no. 92 (= female; coll. Mus. Carlsonianum; no locality given).
[Tanagra] flavifrons Lataam, Index Orn., Suppl., 1802, 47.
Tanagra flavifrons ViriiLor, Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 775.
Euphonia flavifrons Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. , 1856, 271, part (in synonymy) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 97 (do.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 56 (‘‘Cayenne;”’ ‘“‘Trinidad’’); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 63 (Martinique; Santa Lucia; Guadeloupe; St. Bartholomew; Dominica; Grenada); Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1889, 395 (Santa Lucia).—Sunpeva.t, Oefv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 583 (St. Bartholomew).—Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 56 (Dominica), 190 (St. Vincent), 269 (Grenada); i, 1879, 354 (Martinique; habits), 455 (Guadeloupe; habits; crit.); iii, 1880, 256 (Dominica); ix, 1886, 613 (Grenada).—ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 166 (Santa Lucia).— Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 193 (synonymy, part, and description); iv, 1887, 95 (Martinique); Birds W. I., 1889, 80 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 113.
[Huphonia] flavifrons Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
EUPHONIA ANNEZ Cassin.
TAWNY-CAPPED EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Entire pileum rich tawny, lighter, more ochraceous, anteriorly, deeper posteriorly, where having a rounded outline; rest of head and neck, including lores, chin, and throat, black, with a slight violet tinge, more pronounced on postocular region and nape; rest of upper parts rich dark semimetallic purplish black or very dark metal- lic purplish violet, becoming more bluish violet posteriorly, the remiges and rectrices black with bluish violet edgings; inner web of outermost rectrix with a large subterminal subquadrate space of white; under parts of body rich yellow (deep lemon yellow to indian yellow); under tail-coverts white, sometimes tinged with yellow; bill black, the basal portion of mandible grayish; iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 87.6-109.2 (107.4); wing, 62.2— 68.8 (65); tail, 34.5-39.9 (87.1); exposed culmen, 7.9-8.4 (8.1); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 15.2-17 (16); middle toe, 10.9-12.2 (11.4).1
Ee JSemale.—Above yellowish olive-green, the forehead and crown strongly tinged with tawny or light rusty; beneath pale gray medi- ally, yellowish olive-green laterally, with distinct line of demarcation between the two colors; under tail-coverts whitish at tips, light brown- ish beneath surface; bill, legs, and feet as in adult male; length (skin), 102.9;? wing, 59.9; tail, 33.3; exposed culmen, 8.6; depth of bill at base, 5.1; tarsus, 17.3; middle toe, 11.7.°
Costa Rica (Angostura; Santa Rosa; Turrialba; Naranjo de Cartago; Rio Sucio) and Veragua (Calovevora; Calobre; Cordillera del Chucu; Santiago).
' 1§ix specimens. 4 Length before skinning 127. 3 One specimen.
8654—voL 2—01——2
18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Euphonia annex! Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 172 (Santa Rosa, Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).—LAwRENCE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura and Santa Rosa, Costa Rica).
Euphonia anne Sarvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 137 (Santa Fé, Veragua; crit.); 1870, 186 (Calovevora and Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua); Ibis, 1874, 329 (Veragua).—Franrzivs, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Satvin | and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 265 (Calobre, Veragua, etc.).— Scuatsr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 72 (Turrialba, Costa Rica, etc.).— ZetEvon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjo de Cartago; Rio Sucio).
[Euphonia] anne ScuaterR and SaLvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
Euphonia rufivertex Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 71, pl. 7 (Santiago, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).
EUPHONIA FULVICRISSA Sclater. FULVOUS-VENTED EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead and anterior part of crown lemon yellow, with posterior outline truncate or nearly so, the feathers with partially exposed central triangular spots of dusky; rest of upper parts glossy greenish bluish black or dark greenish steel blue, more greenish pos- teriorly, sometimes faintly tinged with violet on occiput and hindneck; remiges and rectrices black, with greenish steel blue edgings; inner webs of remiges with about the basal half abruptly white; outermost rectrix with a large, more or less oblique, subterminal spot or patch of white; sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and foreneck dark greenish steel blue, like upper parts, but less strongly glossed; rest of under parts deep yellow (indian yellow or saffron), becoming deep gallstone yellow or light ochraceous on abdomen, and deep ochraceous on under tail-coverts; maxilla black; mandible bluish gray, with dusky tip; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 86.4-92.7 (88.4); wings, 52.6-53.8 (53.1); tail, 27.2-28.7 (27.9); ex- posed culmen, 7.6-7.9; depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1; tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15.2); middle toe, 9.9-10.4 (10.2).?
Adult female.—Forehead deep russet or cinnamon-rufous, the feathers with partially exposed central triangular spots of dusky; rest of upper parts olive-green, more yellowish posteriorly and on wings, strongly glossed with metallic bluish green, changing to yellowish green posteriorly; remiges, rectrices, and greater wing-coverts dusky with broad glossy or semimetallic yellowish olive-green edgings; under parts bright yellowish olive-green, the abdomen mixed yellow and light ochraceous, the under tail-coverts deeper ochraceous; a blackish line separating the cinnamon-rufous of forehead from the yellowish olive-green of lores; bill, legs, and feet as in the male; length (skin), 83.8; wing, 48.8; tail, 25.1; exposed culmen, 8.4; depth of bill at base, 4.6; tarsus, 14.7; middle toe, 10.2.°
1 Named for Mrs. D. G. Elliot. ?Four specimens. § One specimen.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19
The female of /. fulvicrissa closely resembles that of /. gracilzs in coloration, but is much smaller (wing less than 50.8 instead of 57.2 or more), has the rusty forehead flecked with dusky and margined laterally with a dusky line, the abdomen less extensively ochraceous, and the under tail-coverts much deeper ochraceous.
Northern Colombia (provinces of Santa Marta, Antioquia, etc.), including Isthmus of Panama, north to Veragua (Bugaba) and Chiri- qui (Volcan de Chiriqui).
Euphonia fulvicrissa Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 276 (Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1864, 349 (Panama; descr. female); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 102; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 58 (Santa Marta); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 73 (Santa Marta, Remedios, Nichi, and Bogota, Colom- bia; Lion Hill and San Pablo station, Panama R. R.; Volcan de Chiriqui; Bugaba, Veragua).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 143 (Rio Tru- ando, Colombia); 1865, 171 (Angostura and Pacuare, Costa Rica).—ScLaTER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1879, 498 (Antioquia, Colombia).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 264, pl. 16, fig..2.—Brruepsca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 288 (Antioquia, Colombia; descr. female).
[Euphonia] fulvicrissa SCLATER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18.
Ph[onasca] fulvicrissa CaBANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 330, in text.
A[croleptes] fulvicrissus CaBaAnts, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text.
Euphonia gouldi (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Bugaba, Veragua; Volcan de Chiriqui).
EUPHONIA GRACILIS (Cabanis). CABANIS' EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead and crown lemon yellow, the feathers with partially exposed central triangular spots of black, the yellow area rounded posteriorly, sometimes almost pointed on median line; rest of upper parts, together with sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and upper portion of chest (the latter with strongly convex posterior out- line) glossy blue-black or dark steel blue, more or less tinged with violet anteriorly, sometimes more greenish posteriorly; remiges and rectrices black with greenish steel blue or dark bluish green edgings, these broad on tertials and rectrices, very narrow on primaries; inner webs of secondaries with basal half abruptly white, the inner webs of primaries (except two to four outermost) abruptly white basally; no white on rectrices; under parts of body and under tail-coverts clear rich yellow (rich lemon, sometimes approaching indian yellow); bill black, the mandible apparently more grayish basally; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 96.5-101.6 (98.8); wing, 55.9-61 (58.4); tail, 30.5-82.5 (31.5); exposed culmen, 8.6-8.9; depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 16-16.3; middle toe, 10.7- 11.4 (10.9).*
1Four specimens.
20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult female.—Forehead (extending backward laterally to above middle of eyes) chestnut-rufous; rest of upper parts plain olive-green, more yellowish on lower rump and upper tail-coverts, the crown, occiput, hindneck, back, upper rump, scapulars, and smaller wing- coverts glossed with metallic bluish green; remiges and rectrices dusky with yellowish olive-green edgings, broadest on tertials, narrowest and more yellowish on primaries; sides of head and neck and most of under parts yellowish olive-green or deep olive-yellowish, lighter and more decidedly yellowish on chin, throat, and anterior portion of malar and loral regions; entire abdomen light tawny or deep ochraceous; anal region and under tail-coverts similar, but more orange-ochra- ceous; maxilla black, mandible grayish with dusky tip; legs and feet dusky horn color; length (skins), 94-100.3 (97); wing, 57.4-58.4 (57.9); tail, 29.2-32 (30.5); exposed culmen, 8.1-8.6 (8.4); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.1 (4.9); tarsus, 15.5-15.7 (15.7); middle toe, 10.7-10.9 (10.9).1 In the metallic olive-green color of the upper parts and tawny abdo- men the adult female of #. gracilis presents a strong resemblance to the adult male of #. gouldz; but the latter may at once be distinguished by the yellow instead of chestnut forehead, the deeper tawny of the abdomen and under tail-coverts (especially the latter), the former being margined laterally with yellow and the decidedly less bluish- green gloss of the upper parts. — Costa Rica (San José; Pozo Azul de Pirris) and Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriqui; Bugaba). Phonasca gracilis CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Sept. 1860, 333 (San José, Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus. ). Euphonia gracilis Scuater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Costa Rica); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 69 (Costa Rica; Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiri- qui).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 172 (Costa Rica).—LawReEnce, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (San José).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (San José).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Volcan de Chi- riqui; Bugaba).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 259, pl. 16, fig. 3.—ZELEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Pozo Azul de Pirris).—Cnerriz, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 580 (Pozo Azul; descr. female; crit.) ; Auk, ix, 1892, 24 (San José).
[Euphonia] gracilis ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
A[eroleptes] gracilis CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text.
EUPHONIA LUTEICAPILLA (Cabanis).
YELLOW-CROWNED EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead and entire crown deep lemon or gamboge yellow, the former with a narrow anterior margin of black (inter- rupted at base of culmen); lores black; sides of head (below the yel- low pileum), chin, throat, upper chest (the latter with a strongly
1 Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 91
convex posterior outline), back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wing-coverts glossy blue-black or dark steel blue, more or less tinged with violet on head and neck; remiges and rectrices black, with dark greenish steel blue edgings; no white on inner webs of rectrices; under parts of body clear indian yellow, the under tail-coverts paler (lemon yellow); bill light grayish (bluish gray in life?) basally, black- ish terminally; legs and feet dark horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 94-95.3 (94.5); wing, 55.1-55.9 (55.6); tail, 31.2-33.5 (32); exposed culmen, 7.4-7.9 (7.6); depth of bill at base, 4.3-4.6 (4.4); tarsus, 14.2-14.7 (14.5); middle toe, 9.7-10.2 (9.9).
Adult female.—Above plain yellowish olive-green, the remiges and rectrices dusky with yellowish olive-green edgings; under parts dull yellow (intermediate between wax yellow and gamboge), rather clearer medially, slightly more olivaceous laterally; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 86.4-92.7 (89.4); wing, 51.1-51.8 (51.3); tail, 28.2-30 (29); exposed culmen, 7.1-7.6 (7.4); depth of bill at base, 4.1- 4.3; tarsus, 13.5; middle toe, 9.4.?
Immature male.—Variously intermediate in coloration between the adult female and adult male, the black beginning first on lores and chin and covering throat and foreneck before appearing on upper parts; the forehead and superciliary region in this stage yellow, the crown olive-green, like rest of upper parts.
Young male.—Similar in coloration to adult female.
Nicaragua (Rio Escondido) to Isthmus of Panama (Paraiso Station, Panama Railroad).
Phonasca luteicapilla Capanis, Journ. fir Orn., viii, Sept., 1860, 332 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus. ).
Euphonia luteicapilla Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Costa Rica).— Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (San José, Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra, Vera- gua).—Sa.vin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 260, pl. 16, fig. 1 (Turrialba, Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui; Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua; Paraiso Station and Chepo, Isth. Panama) .—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 68.—ZeLEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (San José, Las Trojas de Puntarenas, Pacaca, and Monte Redondo de San José).— Cuerriz, Auk, ix, 1892, 24 (San José, Costa Rica; plumage of young male) .— Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua).
[Euphonia] luteicapilla ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17.
A[eroleptes] luteicapillus Capanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text.
EUPHONIA AFFINIS (Lesson). LESSON’S EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead and anterior portion of crown lemon yellow (extending farther backward laterally, or to beyond eyes), the first narrowly bordered anteriorly with black; rest of head, all round, with
1 Three specimens. * Two specimens.
22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
upper foreneck, uniform dark metallic violet or black with a strong violet gloss; back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail- coverts dark steel blue or glossy blue-black, the first three usually more or less tinged (sometimes strongly) with violet; larger wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices black; middle and greater wing-coverts, tertials, and rectrices broadly margined with dark steel bluish; two outermost rectrices with a large subterminal patch of white on mner web; inner webs of secondaries abruptly white for basal half or more; under parts of body pure yellow (rich lemon to chrome or sometimes almost indian yellow); under wing-coverts and axillars white, usually tinged with yellow, especially the latter; maxilla black, becoming gray- ish beneath nostril; mandible grayish (light bluish gray in life), the tip blackish; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 86.4-98.6 (93.2); wing, 49.3-54.4 (51.8); tail, 28.5-35.6 (32); exposed culmen, 6.9-7.6 (7.4); depth of bill at base, 4.3-4.8 (4.6); tar- sus, 12.2-18.5 (13); middle toe, 8.4-10.2 (9.7).*
Adult female.—Forehead yellowish olive-green, passing into grayish olive or olive-gray on crown, occiput, and hindneck, this into grayish olive-green on back, scapulars, wings, and upper rump, the lower rump more yellowish olive-green; under parts olive-yellowish or light grayish yellow anteriorly, passing into brighter and purer yellow pos- teriorly (under tail-coverts lemon or canary yellow, the abdomen nearly the same); bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 86.4~ 96.5 (92.2); wing, 49-53.6 (51.3); tail, 99.5-32.5 (81.2); exposed cul- men, 6.6-7.6 (7.1); depth of bill at base, 3.8-4.6 (4.3); tarsus, 13.2-14 (18.5); middle toe, 9.7-9.9 (8.9).”
1 Twenty-two specimens.
2Ten specimens, many of them in the plumage described as that of the immature female.
Specimens from different localities average as follows:
3 Depth ;
: « 3, | Exposed i Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. of bill | Tarsus,
culmeD.|o+ pase. toe. MALES.
Eight adult males from southeastern Mexico ...... 52.6 33.8 7.1 4.6 12.7 9.4
Seven adult males from Yucatan................... 51.1] 31.8 7.6 4.6] 13.2 9.4
One adult male from Guatemala ................... §2.8 31.2 7 | Pee 18:2 |sexsees
One adult male from Honduras .........---...-.--- 49.3 28.5 6.9 4.6 12.7 9.4
Two adult males from Nicaragua.................-. 53.3 30.7 6.9 4.6 12.7 9.9
Three adult males from Costa Rica................. 51.8 29.7 TA 4.6 18,2 10.2 FEMALES,
Six adult females from southeastern Mexico....... 61.6 31.8 U1 4.3 13.5 9.7
Two adult females from Yucatan................... 50.3 | 30.7 6.9 3.8 13.5 9.9
Two adult females from Nicaragua................. 51.1] 29.7 6.9 4.3] 13.2 9.7
Adult males from Yucatan are slightly deeper yellow below, but apparently are not otherwise different.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23
Immature (?) female.—Similar to the adult female, as described, but grayer above, the occiput and hindneck distinctly ashy; under parts less yellowish anteriorly, the throat, chest, and sides of breast some- times yellowish gray. (/mmature males are variously intermediate in coloration, according to age, between the adult male and feniale.)
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), Vera Cruz (Orizaba, etc.), Oaxaca (Barrio; Tehuantepec), Yucatan (Merida), and southward to Costa Rica (San Juan; Liberia; Alajuela).
Tanagra (Euphonia) afinis Lusson, Rey. Zool., 1842, 175 (Realejo, Nicaragua).
[Euphona] affinis Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 233.
E[uphonia] affinis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 367.
Euphonia afinis SctarEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 274 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz), 303 (Orizaba); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 100; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 57 (Orizaba; ‘‘ Central America’’); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 65 (Orizaba; n. Yucatan; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Calderas, Duefias, Savana Grande, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala).—Sc.arer and Saxvi, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guatemala).— SaLvin and Sciater, Ibis, 1860, 33 (Duefias, Guatemala).—LAwrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (San Juan, Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 200 (Merida, Yucatan); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Barrio and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Sumicarast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).—SaLvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 257.—ZrLEpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Liberia and Alajuela, Costa Rica).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas) .
Phonasca affinis CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 332 (San José, Costa Rica).
Al[eroleptes] affinis CaBANis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 91, in text.
[Euphonia] affinis ScLater and Sanvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 17.
EUPHONIA MINUTA HUMILIS (Cabanis). WHITE-VENTED EUPHONIA,
Adult male.—Forehead (as far backward as middle of eyes, with truncated posterior outline) deep yellow (bright chrome or cadmium); rest of head, with neck and chest, uniform dark violaceous steel blue, with strongly convex or semicircular posterior outline on chest; upper parts (except as described) dark steel blue, sometimes with a slight greenish tinge, the upper back, however, tinged with violet; inner webs of three lateral rectrices with a large subterminal patch of white, that on the outermost occupying approximately one-half the web; inner webs of secondaries with basal half (approximately) white; under parts of body bright chrome or cadmium yellow, paler on sides and flanks, where the feathers have a subterminal spot or bar of dusky (the basal portion grayish) producing a mottled or clouded appearance; lower abdomen, anal region, and under wing-coverts white, the last tinged with pale yellow and with central (mostly concealed) spots of dusky grayish; bill blackish terminally, grayish basally, the basal por- tion of mandible sometimes whitish; iris dark brown;' legs and feet
1 Zeledon, manuscript.
24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dusky (dark plumbeous in life); length (skins), 89.4-95.8° (91.7); wing, 51.8-55.4 (53.1); tail, 27.4-31 (29.5); exposed culmen, 6.9-7.6 (7.1); depth of bill at base, 3.3-3.6; tarsus, 12.7-13.5 (13); middle toe, 8.6-9.7 (9.1).*
Adult female.—Above deep yellowish olive-green, becoming more yellowish on forehead, where the feathers show darker central spots; cheeks and chin pale yellowish olive or olive-yellowish; throat pale gray, in strong contrast with yellowish of chin, etc., and the deep olive-yellow or dull gamboge yellow of chest, breast, sides, and flanks (the latter more olivaceous); abdomen white; under tail-coverts pale brownish gray; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 89.7- 93.5 (91.9); wing, 53.1-55.9 (54.1); tail, 28.2-30.5 (29.5); exposed cul- men, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); depth of bill at base, 3.6-3.8 (3.8); tarsus, 13.2- 18.5 (18.2); middle toe, 9.4-9.7 (9. 4).”
Guatemala to Isthmus of Panama.
Phonasca humilis Capanis, Journ. fiir Orn., viii, Sept., 1860, 334 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.) . :
Acroleptes humilis CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 89 (Costa Rica; crit.).
Euphonia humilis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Costa Rica).—Frant- ztus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 373 (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; song).
Euphonia minuta (not Euphona minuta Cabanis) Satvin and Sciarer, Ibis, 1860, 275 (Coban, Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332 (Panama R. R.).—Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 186 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Calovevora, Veragua).—SciatTer, Ibis, 1873, 373 (Chontales, Nicaragua) ; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 71, part (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Calovevora, Veragua; Costa Rica; Chontales, Nicaragua; Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala) .—Sa.vin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 258, part (Guatemala; Nica- ragua; Costa Rica; Veragua; Panama R. R.).—ZE.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (San José, Costa Rica).—Cnerrig, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 531 (Costa Rica; crit.); Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San José, Costa Rica).
[Luphonia] minuta Scuater and Satyin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 17, part.
EUPHONIA GODMANI Brewster. GODMAN’S EUPHONIA.
Similar to LZ. minuta humilis, but decidedly larger and with bill much stouter; adult male with yellow of forehead and under parts much paler, the former much broader; head and neck more brightly viola- ceous, upper parts more violaceous steel blue, and inner webs of outer- most rectrices more extensively white} adult female paler and much grayer olive-green above, with occiput and hindneck bluish gray, the chest and sides much paler olive-yellowish, and the throat olive- yellowish instead of pale gray.
Adult male.—Forehead and anterior portion of crown (as far back as posterior angle of eyes) pale lemon or canary yellow; rest of head
1 Four specimens from Costa Rica. * Three specimens from Costa Rica.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 25
and neck bright violaceous steel blue or glossy violet-black; rest of upper parts dark steel blue, more or less tinged with violet, especially on upper back; remiges and rectrices black edged with steel blue; inner webs of secondaries with more than basal half abruptly white; inner web of outermost rectrix mostly or almost wholly white; second rectrix with more than terminal half of inner web white; third with much less white, sometimes very little; under parts of body, includ- ing chest, pure rich lemon or chrome yellow, the lower abdomen some- what mixed with whitish; under tail-coverts white, the shorter ones, at least, tinged with yellow; bill blackish terminally, grayish or whitish (bluish gray in life?) basally; iris brown; legs and feet dusky in dried ‘skins; length (skins), 96.5-99.1 (97.8); wing, 53.6-56.9 (55.1); tail, 30.7-35.3 (33); exposed culmen, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); depth of bill at base, '4,6-5.1 (4.8); tarsus, 13.5-14.5 (13.7); middle toe, 10.2-10.4.2.
Adult female.—Forehead light olive-green, passing into slate-gray on crown, occiput, and hindneck, the rest of upper parts dull olive- green, brighter on rump and upper tail-coverts and on edges of larger wing-coverts, remiges, and rectrices, the two last mainly dusky; under parts, including throat, pale olive-yellowish, becoming more strongly and purely yellow on flanks; abdomen, anal region and under tail- coverts white; bill, iris, and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 87.6- 94 (90.2); wing, 51.6-53.1 (52.3); tail, 29-29.7 (29.5); exposed culmen, 6.6-6.9; depth of bill at base, 4.1-4.3; tarsus, 12.7-13.2 (13); middle toe, 9.9-10.2 (9.9).?
Western Mexico, in States of Sonora (Alamos), Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Plomosas), and Colima (Sierra Madre), and Territory of Tepic (San Blas; Rosa Morada).
Euphonia affinis (not Tanagra (Euphonia) afinis Lesson) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 273 (Sierra Madre, Colima; Mazatlan).
Euphonia godmani Brewster, Descr. Supposed New Birds from W. N. Am. and Mex., Jan., 1889, 90; Auk, vi, Apr., 1889, 90 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ).
EUPHONIA HIRUNDINACEA Bonaparte.
BONAPARTE’S EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead and anterior portion of crown (back to about middle of eyes) and entire under parts yellow, deepest on under parts of body, where deep gamboge or indian yellow, paler on forehead, chin, throat, and under tail-coverts, where more lemon yellow; poste- rior portion of crown, occiput, hindneck, auricular, suborbital, and malar regions, back, scapulars, smaller wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain dark steel blue, more or less tinged with or inclining to violet on head and neck; remiges and rectrices black, with steel blue edgings; inner webs of secondaries abruptly white for more than basal
1¥Four specimens. ? Three specimens.
26 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
half; inner web of outermost rectrix with more than terminal half white, that of the second with about (or a little less than) terminal half white; maxilla black, becoming grayish beneath nostrils; mandible grayish (bluish gray in life?) with blackish tip; iris brown; legs and feet dusky (plumbeous in life)'; length (skins), 87.6—108.7 (102.1); wing, 55.6-64.8 (60.07); tail, 31-39.9 (35.3); exposed culmen, 7.1-8.9 (8.6); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6 (5.3); tarsus, 14.2-15.7 (15); middle toe, 10.4-11.9 (11.2).?
Adult female.—Abdove plain olive-green faintly glossed with metallic greenish, the forehead, rump, and upper tail-coverts slightly more yellowish olive-green; inner web of outermost rectrix with a terminal spot of white; lores pale grayish, margined above by an indistinct dusky line; suborbital and auricular regions olive-green, passing into more yellowish olive-green on anterior portion of malar region, the chin light yellowish olive-green or olive-yellowish; throat and median portion of chest and breast very pale gray or grayish white, passing into purer white on abdomen, the chest usually more tinged with gray; postauricular and postmalar region deeper gray; sides of breast, sides, and flanks bright yellowish olive-green, strongly contrasted with whit- ish of median under parts; under tail-coverts pale olive-yellowish; bill, etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 89.7-109.2 (97.8); wing, 55.1-60.5 (57.7); tail, 29.7-85.3 (32.3); exposed culmen, 7.1-8.9 (7.9); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3; tarsus, 14.2-15.2 (14.7); middle toe, 10.4-11.9 (11.2).°
Young male, first plumage.—Similar to adult female, but plumage of looser texture, and olive-green of upper parts without gloss.
1 Zeledon, manuscript.
2 Sixteen specimens.
3 Six specimens.
Specimens from Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica average, respectively, in measurements as follows:
Depth ; Locality. Wing. | Tail. Exposed) of bin | Tarsus. Middle “lat base. ? MALES. Eight adult males from southeastern Mexico....-.-. 61.2 35.1 8.1 5.3 15 11.2 Four adult males from Guatemala.................. 59.2 34.3 7.6 Bul 16 10.4 Four adult males from Costa Rica .........--....... 61.5 36.1 8.6 5.3 15.5 14 FEMALES, - Three adult females from southeastern Mexico..... 58.2 33.3 8.4 5.1 15.2 11.4 Three adult females from Guatemala............... 57.2 31.2 We: | sxe ciee 14.2 10.4
Adult males from Guatemala and those from the Mexican States of Chiapas and Tabasco are strongly violaceous above, while those from Costa Rica are more green- ish; those from Vera Cruz and southern Tamaulipas (Tampico), however, are very similar in coloration of the upper parts to those from Costa Rica, but are paler yellow below than either the latter or those from Guatemala. It therefore follows that if any subdivision of the species be made, three forms will require recognition. The series is much too small, however, to enable me to decide the question.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. Me
(Immature males first assume yellow feathers on the throat and median under parts, the whole under surface becoming yellow before the black begins toappear. This is first seen on the head, which becomes exactly as in the adult male before the color of the back, wings, etc., changes from olive-green. )
Southeastern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Tampico; Alta Mira), Vera Cruz (Cordova; Jalapa; Orizaba), Puebla (Rinconada), Oaxaca (Playa Vicente; Guichicovi), and Yucatan (Chichen-Itza), and south- ward to Costa Rica (San José; Naranjo de Cartago; San Juan; Turri- alba, etc.); Chiriqui?; Veragua?.
Euphonia hirundinacea Bonaparts, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 117 (Guate- mala;—immature male); Nuov. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bolegna, ii, 1839, 345 (Mexico); Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 232.—ScuatEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 98, pl. 65, fig. 1 (Guatemala; Chiriqui; Veragua; Colombia?); 1856, 278 (monogr.), 303 (Guatemala; Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 378 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca) ; Tanagr. Cat. Spec., 1854, 14, 16; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 104; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 59 (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala; Mexico; “New Granada’’); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 75 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; n. Yucatan; Corosal and Belize, Brit. Honduras; pine ridge of Poctun and Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; San Pedro, Honduras; Costa Rica).— Scuater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Cassrn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 172 (Turrialba, Costa Rica).—Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Turrialba and San Juan, Costa Rica); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 18 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H, i, 1869, 550 (tierra caliente, Vera Cruz).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 443 (Yucatan).— Savin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 180 (Guatemala).—Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1883, 261 (Coban, Cajabon, etc., Guate- mala; Hato Viejo, Nicaragua, etc.).—Zevepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (San José, Naranjo de Cartago, and Monte Redondo de San José, Costa Rica).—Cuerrriz, Auk, ix, 1892, 24 (San José, etc., Costa Rica; descr. nest and eggs).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua); xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).— Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 297 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; song).—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 1896-97 (1899), 223 (Rinconada, Puebla).
E[uphonia] hirundinacea Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1849, 367.
[Euphonia] hirundinacea Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 78, no. 7145.—ScLatER and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18.
Phonasca hirundinacea Capanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 334 (Costa Rica).
Euphonia laniirostris (not of Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) ScuaTer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 86, part (Chiriqui).
(2) Phonasca gnatho Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., Sept., 1860, 335 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.); 1861, 90.
(?) Euphonia gnatho Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Costa Rica).— Franrzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 297 (Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, i, 1883, 262 (Tempate, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica).—
-Scrater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 76 (Tempate and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—Zevepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica). (?) [Euphonia] gnatho ScuateR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18.
28 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
EUPHONIA CRASSIROSTRIS Sclater.
THICK-BILLED EUPHONIA.
Similar to EZ Adrundinacea, but adult male with yellow of forehead extending much farther backward (over anterior half of crown) and with rounded instead of truncate posterior outline, and adult female entirely yellow beneath.
Adult male.—Forehead and anterior half of crown lemon yellow, this extending much behind eyes, and with a strongly convex or rounded posterior outline; entire under parts rich yellow (deep gam- boge or indian yellow), becoming paler (lemon or canary yellow) on under tail-coverts; head (except as described) and upper parts darl: steel blue, usually more or less tinged with or inclining to violet anteriorly; remiges and rectrices black with steel blue or. greenish steel blue edgings; inner webs of secondaries abruptly white for more than basal half; inner web of two lateral rectrices with a large sub- terminal patch of white, larger on the outermost; maxilla black, becoming grayish beneath nostrils; mandible grayish (bluish gray in life?) on basal half or more, blackish terminally; iris brown; legs and feet horn color or dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 99.1-111.8 (108.6); wing, 60.2-64.8 (62.2); tail, 33.5-38.6 (35.3); exposed culmen, 7.9-10.2 (9.1); depth of bill at base, 5.3-6.6 (5.8); tarsus, 14.7-16 (15.2); middle toe, -9.9-11.9 (10.7).*
Adult female.—Above plain yellowish olive-green; beneath oliva- ceous yellow, purer yellow medially, more olive-greenish laterally; length (skins), 3.90-4.10 (4.08); wing, 59.7-63.5 (61.2); tail, 33-38.1 (35.1); exposed culmen, 8.4-8.9 (8.6); tarsus, 15-15.5 (15.2); middle toe, 10.7-12.2 (11.4).
Costa Rica (Angostura; Cartago) and southward through Colombia to western Ecuador (to Peru and Venezuela ?).
[Euphona] laniirostris (not Euphonia laniirostris Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny) Casanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 31 (Colombia) .
1Eleven specimens.
> Three specimens. Specimens vary in average measurements according to local- ity, as follows:
Depth iddl Locality. ‘Wing. | Tail, E*Posed) of pin | Tarsus,| Middle culmen.|o+ pase. toe. MALES, Three adult males from Bogota ...........2...2.2+. 63.8 | 37.3 99) 64] 127] 114 Three adult males from Santa Marta (2) and lower Magdalena Rs Q)csiciccsiwasacmeeearmuandaenesiey 60.5] 34.3 9.4 5.8 | 15.7 1.2 Four adult males from Isthmus of Panama ........ 62,2 35.1 8.6 5.3 15,2 10.2 One adult male from Chiriqui.............2.2..20.. 61.7 | 35.1 8.1 6.1] 15.2] 107 FEMALES, Two adult females from Santa Marta .............. 62 36.1 BAG) eee 15.2] 112 One adult female from Isthmus of Panama..... soc! ONE 383 a eee 15.2 12.2
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 29
Euphonia laniirostris Satvin and Gopmay, Ibis, 1879, 119 (Atanques, prov. Santa Marta, Colombia, alt. 2,700 ft.; crit.); 1880, 119 (Atanques); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 262, part (Angostura, Costa Rica; Volean de Chiriqui, Bugaba, and David, Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra, Calovevora, and Cordillera de Tolé, Veragua; Lion Hill and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru?).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 76, part, excl. syn. part (Costa Rican and Colombian localities and references).— Ze.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica).
Ph[onasca] laniirostris CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., 1860, 331; 1861, 90.
Euphonia crassirostris ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 277 (Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. P. L. Sclater); 1859, 19 (Bogota, Colombia); (?) 1860, 275 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av., Tanagr., 1856, 103; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 58, part (Bogota; Babahoyo?; Caracas, Venezuela?).—Scuater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 349 (Lion Hill; Panama R. R.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (David, Chiriqui); 1870, 186 (Chitra, Boquete de Chitra, and Calovevora, Veragua).—Bovucarn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Cartago, Costa Rica).—Brr.epscu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 289 (Bucara- manga, Colombia).—Rosinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1891, 161 (Magdalena R., Colombia).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta, Colombia), 179 (Palomina, prov. Santa Marta); Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 28 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.; crit.).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 170 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta; crit. ).
Euphonia crassirostris? Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1865, 175 (David, Chiriqui; crit.).
E[uphonia] crassirostris Auten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 91 (Bogota; crit. ); iii, 1891, 351 (crit.).
Euphonia hirundinacea (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).
Euphonia sp.? Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Cordillera de Tolé, Veragua).
EUPHONIA GOULDI Sclater.
GOULD’S EUPHONIA.
Adult male.—Forehead (sometimes forepart of crown also) yellow, the feathers with partially exposed central triangular spots of dusky; rest of upper parts plain olive-green, the feathers with broad metallic inargins, producing a strong metallic sheen to the plumage; remiges and rectrices dusky with olive-green or yellowish olive-green edgings; lores dusky, becoming black along upper margin next to yellow of forehead; sides of head (except lores) and neck, chin, throat, and chest plain yellowish olive-green, without metallic gloss; sides and flanks olive-green, the feathers with broad margins of yellow; median portion of breast, abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts uniform deep tawny; maxilla black, mandible bluish gray with dusky tip; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 86.4—102.9 (92.7); wing, 50.8-57.9 (55.1); tail, 25.1-31.5 (29.5); exposed culmen, 8.1-9.4 (8.4); depth of bill at base, 5.38-5.6 (5.5); tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15.2); mid- dle toe, 9.7-11.7 (10.7).*
Adult female.—Forehead dark rusty or chestnut, the feathers with darker central spots, partly exposed; rest of upper parts plain olive-
1 Fourteen specimens,
30 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
green, the feathers with broad semimetallic margins, producing a dis- tinct metallic gloss or sheen to the plumage; remiges and rectrices dusky with olive-green edgings, narrower and more yellowish on primaries; under parts deep olive-yellowish, darker (more yellowish olive-green) on sides and flanks; under tail-coverts deep ochraceous or tawny; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 83.8-99.1 (95); wing, 49.5-58.7 (54.6); tail, 22.482 (28.2); exposed culmen, 7.9-8.6 (8.4); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.8 (5.8); tarsus, 14.7-15.7 (15.2); middle toe, 9.9-11.7 (10.9).? Southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Santecomapan), Oaxaca, etc., and southward to Costa Rica (Angostura; Valza; Tucurriqui; San Carlos; Jiménez; Pacuare; Dota Mts.). Euphonia ? ScuateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 303 (Mexico). Euphonia gouldi Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xxv, 1857, 66, pl. 124 (Guate- mala; coll. J. Gould), 229 (Santecomapan, Vera Cruz; Mosquito coast, Nica- ragua); Ann. and Mag. N. H., 2d ser., xx, 1857, 319; Journ. fir Orn., vi, 1858, 73; Cat. Am. Birds, ii, 1862, 60 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 81 (Choctum and Kamkhal, Guatemala; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura and Valza, Costa Rica).—Scuarer and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 17 (Guatemala).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1860, 194 (Coban, Guatemala); 1872, 315 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Frant- zius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Tucurriqui, etc., Costa Rica).—Bov- CARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (San Carlos, Costa Rica).—Satvin _and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 263.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Zs.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Jiménez, Costa Rica).—RicuMonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). [Euphonia] gouldi Sctater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18. Euphonia gouldii Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura, Pacuare, and Dota Mts., Costa Rica).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (hot region, Vera Cruz). :
1 Twelve specimens.
Specimens vary in measurements according to locality, those from Costa Rica and Nicaragua being the smallest. The series examined is not sufficient, however, to show whether there are constant local differences in either measurements or colora- tion. Following are average measurements:
Depth iddl Locality. Wing.| Tail. |EXPosed) of hill | Tarsus, Middle
culmeN.|ot pase. toe.
MALES. Two adult males from eastern Mexico.............. 56.4 31 9.1 5.6 15.5 10.7 Five adult males from Guatemala.................. 55.9 29.7 8.6 5.6 15.5 11.2 Three adult males from northern Honduras........ 56.4 29.7 8.4 5.3 16.5 10.4 Two adult males from southern Honduras.......... 2D |enewseye 8.1 5.3 15 9.9 One adult male from Nicaragua.................-.. 51.6 26.1 8.1 5.3 14.7 9.7 One adult male from Costa Rica.................... 538.6 27.9 8 Gg Eenereee 14.7 10.9 FEMALES.
One adult female ‘from Mexico...............2.---- 56.1 29.7 8.4 5,6 15.2 10.7 55.1 29.2 8.4 5.8 15.5 10.9 65.4] 29.5 8.4 5.3] 15 11.2 50 23.6 8.1 4.8] 15 9.9 55.6 26.7 8.1 6.1 16.2 11.2
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 31
Genus PYRRHUPHONIA Bonaparte.
Pyrrhuphonia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxi, 1850, 423; Rev. Zool., iii, 1851, 187. (Type, Fringilla jamaica Linneens, )
Similar to Huphonia but bill much stouter, its depth at base equal to its width at rictus and greater than distances from nostril to tip of - maxilla, gonys very strongly ascending terminally, its basal angle very prominent; maxillary tomium with subterminal notch indistinct! and without smaller notches or serrations posterior to the notch.
Coloration.— Uniform, slightly metallic, greenish gray above, paler gray beneath, becoming yellowish on abdomen.
Fange.—Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.)
PYRRHUPHONIA JAMAICA (Linneus).
JAMAICAN EUPHONIA,
Adult male.—Above uniform greenish plumbeous, witha strong gloss of metallic bluish green; remiges dusky, with greenish plumbeous edg- ings, broadest on tertials; beneath much paler gray, without greenish tinge or metallic gloss; abdomen light yellow (canary yellow or pale lemon yellow); anal region and under tail-coverts pale cream-buff, the latter with central or median portion duller, sometimes pale gray; axillars pale yellow (primrose or pale sulphur); under wing-coverts white; maxilla black with portion below nostril bluish gray (grayish blue in life?); mandible bluish gray for basal half or more, blackish terminally; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 101.6-114.3 (105.9); wing, 66-66:5 (66.3); tail, 39.4-40.1 (39.6); exposed culmen, 8.9-9.7 (9.1); tarsus, 17.5-17.8 (17.7); middle toe, 10.9-12.7 (12.2).?
Adult female.—Pileum and hindneck greenish gray, with a slight metallic gloss; rest of upper parts plain olive-green, slightly more yellowish posteriorly; under parts pale gray, paler and duller medially; abdomen buffy whitish; otherwise like the male; length (skins), 101.6- 113 (107.2); wing, 64.8-66 (65.3); tail, 38.6; exposed culmen, 8.9-9.4 (9.1); depth of bill at base, 7A; tapstis, 17. 8; middle toe, 12.2-19.7 (12.4).°
Island of Jamacia, Greater Antilles.
[Fringilla] jamaica Linn.xvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 323 (Jamaica; based on Grey Grosbeak Brown, Illustr., 62, pl. 26).—Gmstin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1788, 920.—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 443.
Euphonia jamaica Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 238; Ilustr. Birds Jam., 1849, pl. 59.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, 73; Cat. ‘Am. Birds, 1862, 60.— Ausrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 196.—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 296.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 194 (synonymy and descr.); Birds W. L,, 1889, 81.—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 180.
1The notch is by no means wanting, as-stated on page 53 of the Catalogue of the
Birds in the British Museum, vol. x1. ; * Three specimens. 5 Two specimens.
382 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
[Euphona] jamaica Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 233.
(Euphonia] jamaica Scuater and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 18.
E[uphonia] jamaica Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.
Euphonia jamaice Scrater, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 91.
Euphonia jamaicensis ScuareR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 280 (monogr.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 106.
[Euphonia] jamaicensis Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Pyrrhuphonia jamaica Bonaparte, Rev. Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 137.—Scvarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 85 (Moneague, Metcalf Parish, and St. Ann’s, Jamaica).—Cory, Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 118, 130.
Euphonia cinerea Larresnaye, Rev. Zool., ix., Aug., 1846, 277 (‘‘Columbia”’).— Sciater, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 91.
E[uphonia] cinerea Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.
[ Euphona] cinerea Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 235.
Genus BUTHRAUPIS Cabanis. Buthraupis! Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29. (Type, Tanagra cucullata Jardine.)
Large, short-billed, Tanagers, with the plumage chiefly blue and yellow, wing rather long and pointed, and tail much shorter than wing, even, or very slightly rounded.
Bill short (length of maxilla from nostril not more—usually much less—than half the length of the tarsus), stout (both depth and width at base equal to or exceeding gonys), usually deeper than broad, rapidly tapering to the distinctly uncinate tip; culmen gently convex, its terminal portion sometimes more strongly curved and produced into a distinct uncinate point, with a distinct tomial notch behind it; gonys about equal to length of maxilla from nostril (or sometimes a little shorter), gently convex, strongly ascending, contracted and strongly ridged terminally; commissure nearly straight or (usually) slightly sinuated. Nostril exposed, nearly circular, occupying most of anterior end of nasal fosse. Rictal bristles rather distinct. Wing rather long (three and one-half to four and one-fourth times as long as tarsus), rather pointed (eighth to fifth primaries longest, ninth longer than third); primaries exceeding secondaries by not more (usually less) than length of tarsus. Tail a little more than half (B. arce and B. cwrulecgularis) to nearly five-sixths (B. ewimia) as long as wing, even or very slightly rounded, the rectrices broad, with rounded tips. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching to or slightly beyond base of middle claw.
Coloration.—Uniform dull blue or green above, the remiges and rectrices (except sometimes on margins) blackish, the head also some- times black; chin, throat, and chest black or very dark blue, the remaining underparts yellow, or else yellowish olive with an orange- yellow pectoral patch.
Range.—Costa Rica to Bolivia, Peru, and western Ecuador, in mountains.
“Von fov¢ zur Bezeichnung der Grosse und Spavzic, nom. prop.”’
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIOA. 33
There is great difference in the form of the bill between B. cucullata, B. montana, B. arewi (and its close ally B. cwruleigularis) on the one hand and B. chloronota and B. extmia on the other, the two last named having this member much shorter and proportionally deeper at the base, the extreme abbreviation existing in B. ewimia. In the last-named species the gonys is sharply ridged, and there is a very slight development of the uncinate tip to the maxilla, which in B. chloronota is quite as well developed as in B. cucullata, the gonys at the same time lacking the well-defined ridge of B. eaimia. On the other hand B. arcet and B. ceruleigularis, with even a more slender bill than B. cucullata, have the tip of the maxilla even less uncinate than B. eximia. It will be seen, therefore, that the genus can not be subdivided on the shape of the bill alone without making four groups, the first to include B. cucullata and B. montana, the second B. arcwi and B. ceruleigularis, the third B. chloronota, and the fourth B. eaimia.
The first-mentioned of these groups is further characterized by having the plumage of the upper parts (the head excepted) remarkably glossy. The others have the upper plumage normal in this respect, except that represented by B. eximza, which has the pileum glossy and the rump partially so. The group containing 3. arcez and B. cerueigularis (B. edwardsi also?) bas the tail very much shorter in proportion to the wing than the others.
It may eventually prove necessary to separate one or more of these groups on account of the characters mentioned, but for the present I prefer to leave the genus with usually assigned limits.
BUTHRAUPIS ARCZEI Sclater and Salvin.
ARCE’S TANAGER,
Adult male.—Above dull grayish indigo blue, the wings and tail blackish with dull indigo blue edgings; lores, chin, and throat dull blackish, tinged with dull indigo bluish; rest of under parts rich yellow (saffron or indian yellow on chest, gradually fading to lemon yellow on under tail-coverts), the sides and flanks mottled or clouded with dusky; under wing-coverts pale yellow, with concealed dusky spaces on outer webs; bill blackish; legs and feet horn brownish; length (skin), 147.3;' wing, 85.6; tail, 72.6; exposed culmen, 15.2; depth of bill at base, 8.6; tarsus, 22.4; middle toe, 16.
Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu; Calobre).
Buthraupis arcei ScuaTer and Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 439, pl. 31 (Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Satvin, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 (Cordillera del Chucu).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 276 (Cordillera del Chucu and Calobre, Veragua).—Scrarer, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 149.
[Buthraupis] arcei ScuaTER and SaLvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 20.
1The total length is actually much greater, the skin being greatly shortened, 3654—voL 2—01 3
34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BUTHRAUPIS CA!SRULEIGULARIS Cherrie. CHERRIE’S TANAGER.
Similar to B. arce?, but larger; sides and flanks extensively and uniformly dusky bluish; chin and throat dull indigo blue, scarcely darker than pileum, and under wing-coverts light yellow without con- cealed dusky spots.
Adult male.—Head (all round), hindneck, sides of neck, entire upper parts, sides, and flanks, uniform dull indigo blue, the larger wing- coverts, remiges, and rectrices, however, dull black, except on edges; chest and breast (except laterally), belly. anal region, and under tail- coverts bright yellow, changing gradually from rich indian yellow on the chest to lemon yellow on the under tail-coverts; axillars canary yellow; under wing-coverts mixed primrose yellow and white; inner webs of remiges dull brownish gray, paler on edges, these becoming whitish toward base; thighs uniform dusky indigo blue; bill entirely black; legs dusky horn color; feet dull blackish; length (skin), about 142.92 (tail imperfect); wing, 86.9; exposed culmen, 15.2; depth of bill at base, 8.9; tarsus, 21.6; middle toe, 15.2.
Although apparently very different from £&. arcaz in the exten- sively and uniformly dusky sides and flanks, this form is so closely similar in other features of coloration that possibly it may oniy repre- sent an extreme variation of that species. At any rate, additional specimens will be necessary to establish its validity.
Central Costa Rica (Buena Vista).
Buthraupis ceruleigularis CHERRIE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 956, Oct. 28, 1893, 609 (Buena Vista, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
Genus CALOSPIZA Gray.
Calliste (not Callista Poli, 1791) Born, Isis, 1826, 974. (Type, Tanagra tricolor Linnezeus. )
Aglaia (not of Renier, 1804, nor of Eschscholz, 1825) Swainson, Zool. Jour., iii, 1827, 347. (Type, Tanagra tatao Linneus. )
Calospiza Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 44. (Type, Tanagra tricolor Linnzus.)
Callospiza (emendation) CaBanis, Wiegman’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1847, 317.
Gyrola ReicHenBacn, Av. Syst. Nat., 1850, pl. 77. (Type, Tanagra gyrola Lin- neeus. )
Tatao Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 80. (Type, Tanagra tatao Lin- nus. )
Chrysothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 142. (Type, Tanagra (Aglaia) aurulenta Lafresnaye. )
Ixothraupis Bonaparts, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 148. (Type, Tanagra punctata Linneeus. )
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 35
Chalcothraupis Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 144. (Type, Tanagra (Aglaia) labradorides Lafresnaye.)
Euschemon Scuatrer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 95. (Type, Tanagra flava Gmelin. )
Euprepiste Scatrr, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 95. (Type, Tanagra brasiliensis Linneeus. )
Small, very brilliantly colored Tanagers with the bill shorter than middle toe without cluw, the tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe with claw and more than one-third as long as tail; if not brilliantly colored in adult plumage, the lesser wing-coverts glossy bright blue.
Bill small (exposed culmen about half as long as tarsus, sometimes a little more or less), varying from rather stout, with decidedly curved culmen and basal depth equal to basal width (equal also to length of gonys), to rather slender, with culmen nearly straight and basal depth much less than basal width or than length of gonys; commissure nearly straight, the maxillary tomium more or less distinctly notched near tip; gonys nearly (sometimes quite) equal to length of maxilla from nostril, slightly convex, and decidedly ascending terminally, the tip of the mandible acute. Nostril partly (sometimes almost entirely) concealed by frontal plumules—rarely fully exposed—nearly circular, in lower anterior portion of nasal fosse. Rictal bristles minute, often obsolete. Wing long (about three and one-third to four and one-fourth times as long as tarsus), pointed (ninth to sixth or eighth to sixth primaries longest, the ninth usually longer, rarely shorter, than fifth); primaries exceeding secondaries by nearly (sometimes quite) the length of the tarsus. Tail shorter than wing by length of tarsus or (usually) more, usually more or less emarginate, sometimes even, the rectrices rather narrow, with firm webs and rounded tips. Tarsus decidedly (sometimes very much) longer than middle toe with claw; lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw or slightly beyond; hind claw decidedly shorter than its digit.
Coloration.—Usually extremely brilliant and varied, in many cases beyond any other known birds, thus fully entitling the genus to the name by which it has usually been known (Cadlzste, i. e., most beauti- ful), but which unfortunately can not be retained. Only one of the sixty-odd species is plainly attired, this (well named C. znornata) being plain gray (paler below), with lesser wing-coverts bright glossy blue. The sexes are usually alike in color, or nearly so, but the young are quite different, being very plain, never streaked.
Range.—Tropical America, from southern Mexico to southern Brazil and Peru. Wanting from the West Indies, except in St. Vincent and Grenada.
Although very marked variations in the shape of the bill and in other details of external structure occur among the numerous species of this genus, I am unable to subdivide it into groups with definite
36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
characters. The species may be conveniently assorted according to their style of coloration, as has been done by Dr. Sclater, though I would give some of his groups different limits. For example, C. florida, which ‘both he and Messrs. Salvin and Godman consider most nearly allied with C. schranki and place in the same subdivision (true Caddiste). seems to me to bea typical ‘‘ Chrysothraupis,” having exactly the same pattern of coloration as C. aurulenta, C. pulchra, etc., but with their brilliant orange and yellow replaced by glossy green.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CALOSPIZA.
uw. Back streaked with black or dusky. b. Under parts green or yellowish, without streaks or spots. c. General color yellow, the throat pale silvery buff or grayish. (Costa Rica to Heuador::) sccsss ccsccscsaseacemiemssmanhan etic Calospiza icterocephala (p. 37) cc. General color green, including throat; a large black auricular patch. ( Calo- spiza florida. )
d. Larger (wing of adult male 68.1, tail 43.7); general color purer green; adult
male with a large occipital patch of pure yellow. (Costa Rica.) Calospiza florida florida (p. 39) dd. Smaller (wing of adult male 64.5-66.5, tail 40.1-41.1); general color more yellowish green; adult male without distinct, if any, occipital patch of yellow. (Veragua.).....--.------------- Calospiza florida arcei (p. 40) bb. Under parts white or pale greenish blue, spotted with black anteriorly.
c. Smaller (wing of adult male 68.6); lesser wing-coverts green, with central spots of black; pileum green, the feathers with central spots of black. (Costa Rica to Ecuador, etc.) --------- Calospiza guttata chrysophrys (p. 40)
cc. Larger (wing of adult male 86.4); lesser wing-coverts plain blue; pileum black, the feathers margined with blue. (West coast of Guatemala.)
Calospiza cabanisi (p. 42) aa. Back without streaks. bv. Back bright green.
c. Head (except throat) bright rufous-chestnut or orange-maroon.
d. Rump, throat, and breast blue; outer webs of primaries green; anterior lesser wing-coverts yellow; hindneck green, except a narrow band at pos- terior margin of chestnut hood (sometimes obsolete). (Costa Rica to BONING) ono rcccencuiceceecmeateead Calospiza gyroloides, adults (p. 43)
dd. Rump, throat, and breast green; outer webs of primaries cinnamon-rufous;
anterior lesser wing-coverts green; whole hindneck saffron yellow. (Nicaragua to Isthmus of Panama.) ....Calospiza lavinia, adults (p. 46) cc. Head green.
d. Under wing-coverts white or whitish. ...Calospiza gyroloides, young (p. 46)
dd. Under wing-coverts brownish gray .-.-... Calospiza lavinia, young (p. 46)
bb. Back not bright green.
c. Back black, dusky, or dull grayish green; rump blue or green.
d. Head mostly black; under parts of body light cinnamon; back greenish black or dusky.
e. Lesser wing-coverts ultramarine or cobalt blue; rump bright yellowish green, changing to bluish green; back greenish black. (Costa Rica; Meme Ua) es aa rceiaeiicnle evar Calospiza dowi, adults (p. 46)
ee. Lesser wing-coverts greenish blue; rump dull grayish green; back dusky. Calospiza dowi, young (p. 47)
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 37
dd. Head not black; under parts of body not light cinnamon; back not green- ish black nor dusky.
e. Head changing from golden buff to silvery yellowish green, the forehead and cheeks blue, the lores and chin black; back deep black; rump bright blue; chest and sides of breast black. ( Calospiza larvata, adults. )
f. Deeper colored (sides bright ultramarine, becoming bright cerulean or turquoise blue on flanks, the throat cinnamon-rufous); greater wing- coverts, remiges and rectrices more broadly edged with greenish; slightly larger. (Southern Mexico to northern Honduras. )
Calospiza larvata larvata, adults (p. 47) ff. Lighter colored (sides cerulean blue, becoming pale greenish blue or bluish green on flanks, the throat orange-buffy or ochraceous); greater wing-coverts, remiges and rectrices more narrowly edged with green- ish (the edgings sometimes wanting on greater wing-coverts); slightly
smaller. (Southern Honduras to Isthmus of Panama. ) Calospiza larvata fanny, adults (p. 49) ee. Head grayish green, becoming whitish on throat; back dull or grayish green, clouded with blackish or dusky laterally; rump dull green; sides
of chest and breast grayish or dusky. Calospiza larvata larvata, young (p. 48) Calospiza larvata fanny, young (p. 49) ec. Back neither black, dusky, nor dull green; rump neither blue nor green. d. Pileum, back, scapulars, and rump plain slate-gray; under parts pale gray, becoming whitish on abdomen; lesser wing-coverts bright blue. (Veragua to central Colombia.)....-..----.------ Calospiza inornata, adults (p. 51) dd. Pileum.rufous-tawny to very dark chestnut; back, scapulars, and rump opalescent, dull greenish or buffy; under parts dull buffy or greenish, more or less opalescent; lesser wing-coverts dull greenish or bluish green.
e. Smaller (wing 70.4-75.2); coloration darker, the pileum dark chestnut. (Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Venezuela. )
Calospiza cucullata, adults (p.52)
ee. Larger (wing 75.7-78.7); coloration lighter, the pileum light chestnut to rufous-tawny. (Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. )
Calospiza versicolor, adults (p. 53)
CALOSPIZA ICTEROCEPHALA (Bonaparte). SILVER-THROATED TANAGER.
Adult male.—Pileum, nape, sides of head, and whole rump plain glossy deep saffron or indian yellow; back and scapulars similar but rather paler yellow (sometimes slightly tinged with greenish), broadly streaked with black; wings and tail black, the lesser and mid- dle wing-coverts broadly tipped with yellow or greenish yellow, the greater coverts, remiges, and rectrices edged with yellowish green; chin, throat, and malar region and rather indistinct collar across hind- neck pale buffy greenish or greenish buffy, more or less changeable with different inclinations to the light; under part of body and under tail-coverts plain saffron or indian yellow, slightly tinged with olive- greenish laterally; anterior portion of lores and a streak from rictus along lower edge of suborbital and malar regions (widening more or
38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
less at posterior extremity) black; bill black; iris brown; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 109.2-187.2 (124.2); wing, 69.6-80 (74.7); tail, 44.7-53.1 (49.3); exposed culmen, 9.4-10.7 (9.9); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6 (5.3); tarsus, 17-19.1 (17.8); middle toe, 11.4-12.7 (12.2).*
Adult female.—Similar in color to the adult male and not always distinguishable, but usually more or less duller in color; length (skins), 127-132.1 (129.5); wing, 70.1-78.2 (72.6); tail, 43.9-53.1 (47.2); exposed culmen, 9.9-10.2 (10); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.8 (5.3); tarsus, 17.3-18 (17.8); middle toe, 11.9-12.2.*
Young male.—Much duller in coloration than the dullest adult females; above olive-green, slightly tinged with yellow on sides of head, more decidedly yellowish on rump; feathers of pileum with small triangular or sagittate central spots of blackish, the interscapulars and scapulars with large dusky markings of similar position and shape; wings and tail blackish with yellowish green edgings; malar region, chin, and throat dull greenish buffy; rest of under parts buffy yellow (naples or maize), medially more yellowish, more olive-greenish laterally.
Young female.—Similar to the young male but still duller in color.
Costa Rica (San José; Dota; Turrialba; Barranca; Candelaria Mts.; Naranjo; Orosi; Cartago; San Marco, etc.), southward through Colom- bia to Ecuador (Punta Playa, near Quito; Nanegal; Pasto; Napo; Bois de Bagnos; Tongaragua, etc.).
Calliste icterocephala Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 76 (Punta Playa, near Quito, Ecuador).—Sctarer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 53, pl. 70, fig. 1; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 19, 251 (monogr.; Punta Playa, Ecuador); 1860, 87 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador) ; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 77; Monogr. Cal- liste, 1857, 37, pl. 17 (Quito, Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 65 (Nanegal); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 110 (Nanegal, Pasto, and Napo, Ecuador; Frontino, Colombia; Volcan de Chiriqui; Santa Fé, Calovevora, and Cor- dillera de Tolé, Veragua; San José, Dota, Turrialba, and Barranca, Costa Rica).—Satvry, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 188 (Cordillera de Tolé and
Santa Fé, Veragua; crit.); 1870, 186 (Volcan de Chiriqu{; Boquete de Chitra, Cordillera del Chuca, and Calovevora, Veragua).—Lawrence, Ann.
1Seven specimens. ? Four specimens from Costa’ Rica. Costa Rican and Ecuadorean males compare in average measurements as follows:
Depth Middle Locality. Wing. | Tail. Exposed of bill | Tarsus.| “2 culmen. at base. toe. Four adult males from Costa Rica ...........-...+0+ 6.6) 814 10.2 5.3 | 18.3 12.4 Three adult males (two with sex doubtful) from CUS O Ore gaa ceetoereraistslanctooniciiquidenkeetmeptaldsts ane 72.1| 46.7 9.7 5.3) 17.3) 11.9
Iam not able to detect any color differences, and the determination of sex being in some cases open to question, the apparent-difference in size may prove inconstant.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 39
Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Dota, Turrialba, Barranca, and San José, Costa Rica).—Franrzzus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Candelaria Mts., etc., Costa Rica).—Scuarer and Satyiy, Proce. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 498 (Antioquia, Colombia).—Boucarn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Naranjo and Orosi, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 269 (Vivalva, Calobre, etc., Veragua; etc.).—Zrtzpon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, and Santa Maria de Dota).— Currris, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (San Marco).
[ Calliste] icterocephala Scrarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Chrysothraupis icterocephala BoNAPARTE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, March, 1851, 129 (Bois de Bagnos, Tonguaragua, Ecuador), 445; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 17. .
Callispiza icterocephala Satvaport, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 175 (Costa Rica).
Callispiza (Chrysothraupis) frantzii Capanis, Journ. fir Orn., ix, March, 1861, 87 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.).
Calliste franiziti Scuater, Ibis, 1863, 451 (Costa Rica); 1868, 72, in text (Costa Rica; crit.).
CALOSPIZA FLORIDA FLORIDA (Sclater and Salvin),
EMERALD TANAGER,
Adult male.—General color above pure yellowish green (nearly apple green), the back and scapulars broadly streaked with black; lower anterior portion of lores and a large quadrate oblique patch across auricular region black; entire occiput pure lemon yellow; rump plain bright greenish yellow, more decidedly yellow below; lesser wing-coverts bright yellowish green with black (mostly concealed) bases; rest of wings black, the middle coverts broadly tipped with bright yellowish green, the greater coverts broadly and secondaries more narrowly edged with the same; tail black with narrow green edgings to middle rectrices; under parts plain light green (duller and less yellowish than upper parts), the abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts light maize or naples yellow; bill black; legs and feet (in dried skin) horn color; length (skin), 130.8; wing, 68.1; tail, 43.7; exposed culmen, 10.1; depth of bill at base, 4.8; tarsus, 16; middle toe, 10.7.7
Adult female.—Similar to the male, but rather duller in color and without the yellow occipital patch.
Costa Rica (Carrillos, on Rio Sucio).
Calliste florida ScLATER and SALVIN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 416, pl. 28 (Costa Rica; coll. Salvin and Godman).—Sa.vin, Ibis, 1870, 114 (Costa Rica) .— Sciater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 103, part (Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 267, part, pl. 17, fig. 1 (Costa Rica).—ZeLepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica).
[Calliste] florida ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19. Calospiza florida florida Ripeway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., iii, Apr., 1901, 149,
in text.
1Qne specimen, no. 108276, U. 8. Nat. Mus., from Rio Sucio (Carrillos), 1884; M. Carranza.
40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CALLISTE FLORIDA ARCZI Ridgway. ARCE’S EMERALD TANAGER.
Similar to C. f. florida, but smaller, with larger feet; adult male without a distinct occipital patch of yellow (sometimes with none), and feathers of pileum marked with a distinct central V-shaped spot of black or black beneath the surface (partly exposed), and with the gen- eral green color of upper parts slightly more yellowish; adult female slightly duller and less yellowish green than the male, with pileum and rump less yellowish.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 101.6-104.1 (102.9); wing, 64.5-66.5 (65.5); tail, 40.141.1 (40.6); exposed culmen, 8.1-9.7 (8.9); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 5.1; tarsus, 17.3-17.5; middle toe, 10.9- 11.4 (11.2).
Adult female.—Length (skins), 104.6-106.7 (105.7); wing, 61-63.5 (62.2); tail, 36.8-39.4 (38.1); exposed culmen, 9.7-10.2 (9.9); tarsus, 17.3-17.5; middle toe, 11.2-12.4 (11.7).*
Veragua.
Calliste florida (not of Sclater and Salvin) Sciarsr, Ibis, 1876, 409 (Veragua); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 103, part (Veragua).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 267, part (Veragua).
Calospiza florida arcei Ripaway, Proc. Wash. Ac. Sei., iii, Apr. 15, 1901, 149 (Veragua; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.).
CALOSPIZA GUTTATA CHRYSOPHRYS (Sclater)?.
YELLOW-BROWED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Upper parts bright yellowish green, becoming more yellowish on forehead, superciliary, suborbital, and auricular regions, and sides of neck, the anterior portion of forehead, supraloral region, and eyelids pure canary yellow; lores black; feathers of crown, occiput, sides of head, back, and scapulars with central spots of black, these large and very conspicuous on back and scapulars, the latter with margins of bluish green or greenish blue; wings and tail black, the smaller wing-coverts broadly margined with light bluish green (mala- chite green), the greater coverts and remiges edged with the same, the primary coverts with narrower and more bluish edgings; rectrices black edged with yellowish green, the middle pair mostly green; malar region, chin, throat, chest, and breast glaucous-white, each feather (except on chin and throat) with a median elliptical spot of black, the throat with small and inconspicuous streaks of the same; abdomen white anteriorly, passing posteriorly into light yellow on anal region and
1 Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 41
under tail-coverts, the latter with central wedge-shaped or sagittate spots (mostly concealed) of dusky; flanks plain yellowish green, tinged with yellow; maxilla blackish, mandible grayish or horn color with dusky tip; legs and feet horn color or dusky in dried skins; length (skins), 119.4-142.2 (130.8); wing, 68.6-70.6 (69.6); tail, 52.1; exposed culmen, 10.2-10.4; depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3; tarsus, 18-18.5 (18.3): middle toe, 11.4-12.2 (11.7).*
Adult female (?).—Similar to the adult male, as described above, but duller in color; head much less yellowish (quite concolor, in fact, with back, etc.), without pure yellow on forehead, supraloral region, or eyelids; black spots on scapulars and interscapulars much less distinct; length (skins), 107.2-115.6 (110.7); wing, 64.8-71.1 (68.8); tail, 45.7- 53.8 (50); exposed culmen, 9.4~10.2 (9.9); depth of bill at base, 4.8— 5.1 (5); tarsus, 17.8-18 (17.9); middle toe, 11.7-12.4 (12.2).?
Immature?) male.—Similar to the adult female, as described above, but wing-coverts margined and edged with yellowish green, contrast- ing strongly with the greenish blue edgings of remiges; feathers of throat with large and distinct central spots of black; length (skin), 125.7; wing, 66.8; tail, 49.5; exposed culmen, 10.7; depth of bill at base, 5.6; tarsus, 19.3; middle toe, 11.7.*
Having a very small and unsatisfactory series of this species for examination, I am in doubt as to the proper name which the birds from Costa Rica and the Isthmus of Panama should bear. The only
“specimen I have been able to examine is from Dota, Costa Rica, and, judging from the loose texture of the plumage, seems to be an imma- ture, though full-grown, bird. Itismarkedasamale. If the birds of this species are the same from Costa Rica to Venezuela, then it so hap- pens that all the Colombian specimens which I have seen (three from ‘*Bogota”) are females, for none of them have yellow about the head, while all of those seen from Venezuela (only two in number, however), are males, the head being bright yellowish green (much yellower than the back), becoming pure canary yellow on the anterior portion of the forehead and thence backward to and including the upper eyelid, the lower eyelid also being pure yellow; the black spots on back and scapulars being at the same time far larger, more sharply defined, and deeper black. Four specimens from Trinidad agree in all these char- acters with the two Venezuelan specimens, but have shorter wings and are easily distinguished by the larger and relatively broader black spots on the chest. I have not seen examples from British Guiana, but these (the true C. guttata) are said by Salvin and Godman to be distinguished by having the under parts ‘‘ much less spotted, the spots
1Two specimens from Venezuela. 2 Three specimens from ‘‘ Bogota,’’ Colombia. 3 One specimen from Dota, Costa Rica.
42 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
being almost confined to the chest, the throat and abdomen being plain.”
Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Angostura; Dota; Turrialba) and south- ward through Colombia to Ecuador (Valle de Mindos), Venezuela (Caracas; Puerto Cabello; San Cristobal) and Trinidad.
Calliste chrysophrys ScLatER, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 24, 54, pl. 69, fig. 2 (Venezuela; coll. P. L. Sclater).
Calliste guttulata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxii, 1851, 76 (Mindos, n. w. Ecuador).—Scuater, Tanagr. Cat. Specif., 1854, 11; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 19, part (Venezuela; Trinidad. )
Ixothraupis guttulata Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 144; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 18.
Calliste guttata (not Callispiza guttata Cabanis) Scrarer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 249, part (monogr.; Venezuela; Trinidad; Bogota, Colombia; ‘‘Ecua- dor);’? Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 75; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 21, part, pl. 10 (Trididad; Caracas, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; valley of Mindos, Ecuador); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 64 (Venezuela; Trinidad; Anolaima, Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit: Mus., xi, 1886, 105, part (Puerto Cabello, Cara- cas, and San Cristobal, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; s. slope Volcan de Chiriqui; Tucurriqui and Angostura, Costa Rica, etc.).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 82 (Trinidad).—Scuater and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, 627 (Venezuela); 1875, 237 (do.).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura, Turrialba, and Dota, Costa Rica).—Franrzrus, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 298 (Costa Rica).—Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 579 (Trinidad ).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 187 ( Volcan de Chiriqui).— Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 325 (Ocafia, Colombia).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol.Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1883, 267, part (Turrialba, etc., Costa Rica; Volcan de Chiriqui; Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela; Trinidad).—Brr.uersca, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 289 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).—Zrtepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Turrialba).—Caapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 29 (Trini- dad) .
[Calliste] guttata ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19, part (Vene- zuela; Colombia; Ecuador; Costa Rica).
C [alliste] guttata Dusois, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (5) (crit.).
[ Calliste punctata] var. a. guttata Dusors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July, 1874 (7), part (Venezuela; Trinidad).
CALOSPIZA CABANISI Sclater. CABANIS TANAGER,
Adult (male?).—“Above greenish blue; wings and tail black, mar- gined with blue; interscapulium green; cap black, margined with blue; beneath pale greenish blue, middle of belly whitish; breast-feathers spotted with black; bill black, at base plumbeous; feet black; whole length, 144.8; wing, 86.4; tail, 58.4.
‘* Hab. —Costa Cuca district of Guatemala.
‘‘The characters are taken from the unique specimen in the Museum of Berlin, which I examined in 1868.” (Sclater.)
? Original measurements given in inches and tenths.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 43
The above very imperfect description may be supplemented hy the following, taken from the colored plate cited:
Pileum with feathers black centrally, margined with light blue, becoming light green on nape; interscapular region light green, the feathers with black central spots (partly exposed); wings black, the greater coverts and secondaries edged with blue, the lesser coverts wholly blue (more greenish along posterior margin); beneath very pale greenish, the feathers of lower throat and sides of chest (not the breast, as in the description quoted) with large central spots of black; lores black.
Calliste s. Callispiza sclateri (not Calliste sclateri Lafresnaye) CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., xiv, May, 1866, 163 (Guatemala; coll. Berlin Mus.).
Calliste cabanisi Scuater, Ibis, 2d ser., iv, Jan., 1868, 71, pl. 3 (Costa Cuca, w. Guatemala; coll. Berlin Mus.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 123.—
Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 271. [Calliste] cabanisi ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.
CALOSPIZA GYROLOIDES (Lafresnaye).
BLUE-RUMPED GREEN TANAGER,
Adult male.—Head, except throat, uniform bright reddish chestnut or bay; general color of upper parts bright yellowish grass green, separated from bay of head by a more or less distinct nuchal band or half-collar of yellow; rump cerulean or turquoise blue, the feathers green immediately beneath surface, gray basally; lesser wing-coverts mostly yellow; under parts cerulean or turquoise blue (the feathers green immediately beneath surface and gray at base), passing into yel- lowish green on upper part and sides of throat, the sides and flanks more or less tinged with green; under tail-coverts and posterior por- tion of flanks clear yellowish green; thighs cinnamon; bill blackish brown, becoming paler on basal portion of mandible; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 121.9-141 (128.8); wing, 71.1-82.6 (77); tail, 47.5-54.6 (51.3); exposed culmen, 9.9-12.2 (10.7); depth of bill at base, 4.8-6.1 (5.6); tarsus, 16.5-19.6 (17.8); middle toe, 11.4-12.7 (11.9).*
Adult female.—Similar in coloration to the adult male, but much duller; head much duller chestnut, sometimes strongly olivaceous on pileum, the color without the sharp definition of the male; blue of rump more restricted, sometimes obsolete; lesser wing-coverts with less yellow, sometimes merely tinged with yellow; blue of under parts paler, more greenish (nile blue, more turquoise on breast); length (skins), 121.9-139.7 (131.8); wing, 69.6-76.2 (73.2); tail, 47.8-50.8
1 Fifteen specimens.
44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(48.8); exposed culmen, 9.7—-10.9 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.8 (5.6); tarsus, 16.5-18.3 (17.8); middle tee, 11.7-12.7 (11.9).*
Immature female.—Entirely green above, including head and neck, the color duller than in the adult female; beneath pale green, broken by more or less exposed buffy whitish, this forming a subterminal spot or bar to each feather, the middle portion of feathers of chest more grayish, with a darker grayish bar between the light gray and the green tip; abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish white, tinged with pale green.
Immature male.—Similar to immature female, but green of head interspersed with orange-chestnut feathers and abdomen largely pale blue.
Costa Rica (Guaitil; Turrialba; Barranca; Dota; Savanilla de Pirris; Navarro; Cartago; San Marcos; Sarché de Alajuela, etc.) and south- ward through Colombia and Ecuador to Peru (Chyavetas; Cosnipata; Rio Javarri; Mapoto), western Bolivia (Mapiri) and upper Amazons (Ega; Maribatanas).
Aglaia gyrola (not Tanagra gyrola Linneeus) Larresnaye and D’Orsieny, Mag. de Zool., 1837 (Synopsis Avium, i, p. 32).
Tanagra gyrola (not of Linneus) D’Orsiany, Voy. Amer. Mérid., Ois., 1839, 272.
Callospiza gyrola Tscxupi, Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg., 1844, 286 (Peru); Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847, 202.
Aglaia peruviana (not Tanagra peruviana Desmarest) Swainson, Anim, in Menag., 1838, 356 (Peru; coll. W. Hooker).
C[alliste] eyanoventris (not Tanagra cyanoventris Vieillot) Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 366.
1 Nine specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Depth . Locality. Wing. | Tail. |EXP0Se4| of bill | Tarsus. manos . “Jat base. H MALES. Four adult males from Costa Rica .........------+-- 80 52.8 11.4 5.8 18.5 12.2 Three adult males from Veragua and Panama..... 756.7 51.1 10.9 5.6 18.3 12.7 Five adult males from Colombia (Bogota).......... 77.5 51.8 10.2 5.1 17.5 11.9 Three adult males from eastern Ecuador.-.......... 72.9 48.5 10.4 5.1 17 11.2 FEMALES, Two adult females from Costa Rica.......-......-.- 74.9 49.8 10.7 5.8 18 12.4 Two adult females from Veragua and Chiriqui..... 73.2 48.8 W064 |nccesee- 18 12.4 Four adult females from eastern Ecuador .......-.. 72.6 50.3 10.4 5.3 17.3 12.2 One adult female from Peru..............-2-2.-2-2-. 69.6 47.8 10.2 5.8 17.8 12.2
Adult males from Ecuador and Colombia appear to have the yellow nuchal hall- collar much more distinct than those from Panama, Veragua, and Costa Rica, waile those from eastern Ecuador are of rather a greener blue below than those from Colombia and northward. It is possible the species may require subdivision, but a much larger series of specimens will be necessary to determine the question.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45
Gyrola cyanoventris Bonaparts, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, Mar., 1851, 139; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 18.
Aglaia gyroloides LarresnayE, Rev. Zool., x, Sept., 1847, 277, in text (Central America).
C[alliste] gyroloides Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 17.
[Calliste] gyroloides Bonaparte, Consp. Ay., i, 1850, 234.—Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Calliste gyroloides Scuaver, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 67; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, 115 (prov. Quijos, Ecuador); 1855, 158 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 142, 255 (monogr.); 1857, 264 (up. Amazon); 1858, 74 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador), 453 (Zamora, e. Ecuador); 1859, 139 (Pallatanga, e. Ecuador); 1860, 87 (Nanegal, w. Ecuador), 292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 81; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 57, pl. 26 (David, Chiriqui; Bogota; Rio Napo, e. Ecuador; wood region e. Peru; e. base Bolivian Andes); Cat. Am. Birds; 1862, 67 (Bogota; e. Peru); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 117 (Guiatil and Turrialba, Costa Rica; Santa Fé, Calovevora, Veragua, Bugaba, Chiriqui; Lion Hill, Panama R. R.; Bogota, Remedios, and Con- cordia, Colombia; San José, Sarayacu, and Rio Napo, Ecuador; Ega, up. Amazon; e. Peru).—Cassin, in Gilliss’s Rep. U. 8. Astr. Exp., ii, 1855, 182, pl. 19, fig. 1 (Peru).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 332 (Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 98 (Barranca, Guiatil, and Dota, Costa Rica).—Sciarer and Sauvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Panama R. R.); 1867, 749 Chyavetas, e. Peru); 1873, 185 (Cosnipata, e. Peru), 261 (Rio Javari and Chyavetas, e. Peru); 1879, 499 (Antioquia, Colombia), 599 (Bolivia).— Frantzius, Journ. ftir Orn., 1869, 298 (Savanilla de Pirris, etc., Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 186 (Volcan de Chiriqui and Bugaba, Chiriqui; Boquete de Chitra, Cordillera del Chucu, and Calovevora, Veragua).—Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 325 (bet. Bucaramanga and Rio Magda‘ena, Colombia).—PxrLzeLn, Orn. Bras., 1871, 207 (Maribatanas, up. Amazon).—Taczanowsxi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 514 (centr. Peru); 1882, 11 (Huambo, Ecuador); Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 463.—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro, Costa Rica).—Brr.Epsce, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 289 (Bucaramanga, Colom- bia).—BrriepscH and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 545 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).—Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 270.—Taczanowski and Brruepscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 78 (Mapoto, centr. Ecuador).—Zr.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago, Naranjo de Cartago, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Sarché de Alajuela, and Los Anonas de San José, Costa Rica).—A.ten, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., ii, 1889, 71 (Quito, Ecuador), 81 (Mapiri, Bolivia).—Currte, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, vi, 1893, 13 (Pozo Azul del Pital and San Mar- cos, Costa Rica).—Satvaport and Frsra, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 357, 1899, 15 (San José and Valle del Zamora, e. Ecuador; Gualea, w. Ecuador; crit.).
C[alliste] gyroloides Dusots, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (6), (erit.).
[Calliste gyrola] var. a. gyroloides Dupors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July, 1874 (8).
Callispiza gyroloides Sauvapori, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 174 (Costa Rica).
te gyroloides Stonn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, 307 (Ibaque, centr. Colombia).
46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CALOSPIZA LAVINIA (Cassin).
LAVINIA’S TANAGER,
Adult male.—Head, except chin and throat, bright glossy orange- maroon, or madder brown; rest of upper parts mainly bright glossy yellowish grass green, or parrot green, the feathers of the hindneck broadly tipped with saffron yellow, producing a more or less con- spicuous half-collar; wings yellowish grass green, the middle and greater coverts tinged with rusty, the remiges (except tertials) edged for basal half or more with orange-brown or rufous; under parts, including throat, clear bright yellowish green, the abdomen turquoise blue; chin turquoise blue, or tinged with that color, margined ante- riorly with brownish red; thighs russet; maxilla horn brown, man- dible paler; legs and feet horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 120.7-185.9 (125); wing, 69.9-71.9 (70.6); tail, 45.2-47.2 (45.7); exposed culmen, 9.7-10.7 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 5.6-6.6 (6.1); tarsus, 17.3-18 (17.5); middle toe, 12.4-12.7."
Adult female.—Much duller than adult male, and without the brownish red head; above plain glossy yellowish grass green, some- times tinged anteriorly with dull orange, especially on pileum; edges of remiges more or less tinged with yellowish olive basally; under parts light green, changing to light turquoise or nile blue on ahdo- men; bill and feet as in adult male; length (skins), 114.3; wing, 65.8-66.8 (66.3); tail, 43.2-43.4; exposed culmen, 10.2-10.7 (10.4); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3; tarsus, 16.5-17.8; middle toe, 1.04-12.7 (11.4).?:
Nicaragua (Chontales) to Isthmus of Panama (Rio Truando, etc.).
Calliste lavinia Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., x, 1858, 178 (Rio Truando, n. Colombia; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); 1860, 142, pl. 1, fig. 1 (do.).— Scrarer, Ibis, 1863, 451 (Isth. Panama); 1876, 409 (Chontales, Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Veragua); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 116 (do.).—Saxvix, This, 1872, 315 (Chontales; crit.).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Costa Rica). ,
[Calliste] lavinia Sctarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr.,“1873, 19. Calliste lavinie Sauvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 271.
CALOSPIZA DOWII (Salvin).
DOW'S TANAGER,
Adults (sewes alike).—Head, neck, and chest black, the feathers of the latter broadly margined with light green (becoming more ochra- ceous posteriorly, especially on sides of chest), producing a conspicu- ously scaled appearance; feathers in center of occiput tipped with russet, forming a small spot; feathers of hindneck, sides of neck, and auricular region tipped with light green (changing to pale buffy), these markings larger on hindneck; back and scapulars plain greenish
1 Four specimens. * Two specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIGA. 47
black; rump bright opalescent green, changing to blue on upper tail- coverts, all the feathers blackish beneath the surface; lesser wing- coverts rich blue (varying from cobalt to light smalt); rest of wings and tail black with blue edgings; under parts of body, and under tail- coverts, plain light cinnamon or cinnamon-ocher, paler next to squa- mately marked feathers of chest; maxilla black, mandible , blackish terminally, horn color basally (in dried skins); legs and feet horn color (in dried skins).
Young (first plumage).—Head, neck, back, and seapulars dull black, broken on sides of neck and on auricular region by pale greenish buffy or buffy greenish tips to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts dull greenish blue; rest of wings and tail dull blackish with greenish blue or bluish green edgings; rump and upper tail-coverts dusky olive, the feathers tipped with pale dull greenish; under parts of body and under tail- coverts plain light cinnamon or cinnamon-ocher, paler on chest, where spotted with dusky.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 137.2-144.8 (141); wing, 68.6—70.6 (69.6); tail (one specimen), 49; exposed culmen (one specimen), 9.1; depth of bill at base, 5.6-5.8; tarsus, 19.8; middle toe, 12.2-12.4.'
Adult female.—Length (skins), 129.5-132.1 (131.3); wing, 68.6-70.1 (69.3); tail, 46.5-49.3 (48); exposed culmen, 9.4; depth of bill at base, 5.1-6.1 (5.6); tarsus, 18.8-19.6 (19.1); middle toe, 11.9-12.2 (12.1).?
Costa Rica (San José; Rancho Redondo; Turrialba; Navarro; Guad- alupe; Cartago; Irazi; Quebrada Honda) and Veragua (Cordillera del Chucu).
Calliste dowii Savi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, 168 (‘San José,” i. e., Rancho Redondo de San José, Costa Rica; coll. Salvin-Godman?) ; 1870, 187 (Cor- dillera del Chucu, Veragua); Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xiii, 1864, 104.—ScLarer, Ibis, 1863, 451, pl. 12 (San José, Costa Rica).—Law- rencE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 98 (San José, Turrialba, and Navarro, Costa Rica).—Franrzrus, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Guadalupe and San José, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Navarro, Costa Rica).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Cartago? and Rancho Redondo de San José).
[Calliste] dowti Scuarer and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Calliste dowi Satvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 272 (Irazt, etc., Costa Rica, etc.).—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886; 124 (Que- brada Honda, etc., Costa Rica, etc. ).
CALOSPIZA LARVATA LARVATA (Du Bus).
GOLDEN-MASKED TANAGER,
Adult male.—Anterior portion of forehead and malar region, chin, lores, and eyelids black; posterior portion of forehead, suborbital region, and most of malar and auricular regions campanula blue, with a narrow posterior margin of light greenish blue (nile blue); crown,
1Two specimens. * Three specimens.
48 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
occiput, hindneck, and sides of neck golden buff, changing from deep orange-buff to oil green, according to inclination of the light; throat cinnamon-rufous, usually separated from black of cbin by a narrow line of pale bluish; back, scapulars, chest, and sides of, breast uniform deep black; lesser wing-coverts rich campanula blue, the middle cov- erts bright nile blue; rump glossy light blue (changing from nile blue to turquoise); upper tail-coverts black, broadly margined with light bluish green; wings (except lesser and middle coverts) black, the greater coverts edged with light blue and greenish, the remiges and rectrices with light yellowish green, more buffy on tertials; abdomen and median portion of breast white; anal region and under tail-coverts pale buffy, the latter with concealed central portion dusky; sides rich campanula blue, passing into light greenish blue (turquoise or nile blue) on flanks; bill black; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 116.8-132.1 (122.9); wing, 68.1-72.6 (71.1); tail, 45.7-50.8 (48.8); exposed culmen, 8.9-10.2 (9.7); depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 16.3-18.5 (17.5); middle toe, 10.4-12.7 (11.7).?
Adult female.—Very similar to the adult male and apparently not always distinguishable, but usually slightly duller in coloration; length (skins), 116.8-132.1 (123.2); wing, 65.5-69.9 (67.8); tail, 45.249.5 (47.2); exposed culmen, 10.2; depth of bill at base, 5.1-5.6 (5.3); tar- sus, 17-17.8 (17.3); middle toe, 10.4-11.4 (10.9).”
Young, first plumage.—Head and neck (except chin and throat) dull light green (chromium green), each feather with a small central spot of dusky; lores, eyelids, anterior portion of malar region, and chin dusky; throat, median line of chest (narrowly), median portion of breast, and abdomen dull whitish, slightly tinged with yellowish; a patch on each side of chest and breast greenish dusky; sides dull gray- ish, becoming more buffy on flanks; anal region and under tail-coverts pale buffy; back dull dusky greenish, with a blackish patch on each side; lower back and rump dull greenish; lesser wing-coverts dull, light greenish blue; middle coverts dusky basally, dull light bluish. green terminally; rest of wings and tail dusky, with yellowish green edgings.
1 Ten specimens, those from different areas averaging as follows:
Depth Locality. Wing.) Tail, JExposed) of bil) pareus,| Middle
base.
MALES. Four adult males from southern Mexico............ 71.9 49.8 9.4 5.1 a7 11.4 Five adult males from Guatemala (some of doubt-
Sil EY asst -seiatesaleata ciebierd otemienercaseeneseeeemoceee 70.6] 47.2 9.9 5.1| 17.8 17 One adult male from northern Honduras .......... 71.6 50.3 QO) screacarsinid| 18.3 IL4
* Three specimens, all from southern Mexico.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49
Southern Mexico, in States of Chiapas (Ocuilapa; Palenque) and Tabasco (Teapa), to northern Honduras (Rio Blanca; Rio Chamelecon; San Pedro).
Calliste larvata Du Bus, Esquiss. Orn., 1845 (?), pl. 9 (Tabasco, s. e. Mexico).— Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 236.—Sciater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 19, 260; (monogr.; Tabasco; Rio Chamelecon, Honduras); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 86; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 81, pl. 36; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 70 (Choctum, Guatemala); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 124, part.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Rio Chamelecon); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras).—Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 467 (Yzabal, Guatemala).— Savin and Scuarer, Ibis, 1860, 33 (Yzabal, Guatemala).—Satvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr. Am., Aves, i, 1883, 274, part (Tabasco, s. Mexico; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Yzabal, Choctum, and Chisec, Guatemala; Rio Chamelecon and San Pedro, Honduras).
[Calliste larvata] Scuarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19, part (s. Mexico; Guatemala; Honduras).
C[alliste] larvata Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.—Duso1s, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (8), (s. Mexico).
Tatao larvatus Bonaparte, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, March, 1851, 42; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 16.
Calliste larvata typica ScuaterR, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in text. ;
[Calliste larvata] a. subsp. typica Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in list of specimens (localities in Guatemala, Brit. Honduras, and Honduras).
[Calliste larvata] var. fanny (not Aglaia fanny Lafresnaye) Dusotrs, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (8), part (Guatemala).
(?) Calliste lavinie (not C. lavinia Cassin) Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., 1896-97 (1899) , 223 (Santo Tomas, Guatemala).
CALOSPIZA LARVATA FANNY (Lafresnaye).
MRS, WILSON’S TANAGER.
Similar to C. /. larvata, but averaging slightly smaller, colors of head and sides paler, and greenish edgings to remiges, rectrices, and greater wing-coverts less distinct, sometimes altogether wanting on tail and greater wing-coverts; general color of head lighter golden buffy with more pronounced greenish and less pronounced reddish hue in opposite positions to the light, and not conspicuously darker on throat; blue of forehead and cheeks paler; that of sides and flanks also paler, with very little purplish blue anteriorly (sometimes none); blue of rump and smaller wing-coverts also paler.
Young, first plumage.—Head and neck light bluish green (mala- chite), the feathers dusky grayish basally, producing a minutely mot- tled appearance; back and scapulars dusky grayish green, becoming nearly black on outermost scapulars; rump light bluish green (mala- chite); under parts dull whitish, becoming grayish laterally, the throat and chest freckled with grayish; anal region and under tail-coverts pale brownish buffy; wings and tail as in adults, but lesser and mid- dle wing-coverts light grayish green instead of blue.
3654—voL 2—01——4
50 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Adult male.—Length (skins), 105.4-130.8 (118.1); wing, 66.8-71.4 (69.6); tail, 45.5-50.3 (47.5); exposed culmen, 9.1-10.4 (9.7); depth of bill at base, 4.8-5.8 (5.1); tarsus, 16.3-17.8 (17.3); middle toe, 11.2-
12.2 (11.7).3
Adult female.—Length (skins), 113-123.2 (117.3); wing, 64.3~-70.4 (66.3); tail, 43.9-46.7 (45.2); exposed culmen, 8.4-10.2 (9.7); depth of bill at base, 4.6-5.3 (5.1); tarsus, 15.7-16.8 (16.5); middle toe,
10.4-11.7 (10.9).?
Southern Honduras (Rio Segovia) to northern Colombia (province
of Antioquia).
Aglaia fanny Larresnayr, Rev. Zool., x, Mar., 1847, 72 (Colombia; coll.
Lafresnaye).
Cfalliste] fanny Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, App., 1849, 17.—Dusors, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, 1874 (7), part (crit. ). [Calliste] fanny Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 236.—Dres Murs, Icon. Orn.,
1876, pl. 56, fig. 1.
[Calliste larvata] var. fanny Dusors, Bull Ac. Roy. Belg., xxxviii, July, 1874, 8,
part (Colombia).
Calliste larvata var. fanny Boucarp, Cat. Avium, 1876, 242, no. 7560 ( Veragua). Calospiza larvata fanny Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 30
(Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).
Calliste francisce Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142, 261 (David, Chiri- qui); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 87; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 83 (Chiriqui); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Panama).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 142 (Turbo, n. Colombia).—Lawrencer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298, 332 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); ix, 1868, 98 (Angostura, San José, and Turri- alba, Costa Rica).—Scuiater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 138 (Cordillera de Tolé and Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187 (Bugaba, Chiriqui; Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Laguna del Castillo, and Calovevora, Veragua) .— Franrzivs, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 298 (Costa Rica).
! Twelve specimens.
* Eight specimens. Specimens from different areas average as follows:
Ex-
Depth
Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. — culmen.|at base. . MALES. Three adult males from Nicaragua.........--.-.--- 69.9] 48.5 9.4 5.38 | 17.3 li4 Three adult males from Costa Rica...............-- 71.1 47.5 10.2 5.8) 17.3 1.9 Three adult males from Veragua and Chiriqui..... 69.9 47.8 9.7 5.1 17.8 17 Three adult males from Isthmus of Panama ....... 67.8 | 45.7 9.7 4.8] 17 ig FEMALES, Three adult females from southern Honduras (Se-
GOvia River) cascsseeees ncaa deaedwsiseewatncdeccewan 65.8 | 44.7 9.7 5.3] 16.5] 109 Two adult females from Nicaragua................. 67.3 45.2 9.9 4.8 16.3 10.9 One adult female from Costa Rica...............2.. 68.6] 46.7 |.....2... 5.1] 16.8] 109 One adult female from Isthmus of Panama .......- 64.5 44,2 8.4 4.6 16.8 10.9
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 51
Calliste francesee Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 176 (David, Chiriqui), 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua).
Calliste larvata francesce ScuatEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in text.
[Calliste larvata] b. subsp. francescx Scuarer, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 125, in list of specimens (Chontales, Nicaragua; Turrialba and Angostura, Costa Rica; Cordillera de Tolé, Calovevora, Mina de Chorcha, Santa Fé, and Castillo, Veragua; Panama and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Remedios, prov. Antioquia, Colombia).
Callispiza francisce Sarvavoni, Atti Roy. Ac. Sci. Torino, iv, 1868, 175 (Costa Rica).
Calliste larvata (not of Du Bus) Scuarer, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 64 (Chi- riqui; Veragua).—Cassin, in Rep. U. 8. Astr. Exp. (Gilliss), ii, 1855, 182, part, pl. 18, fig. 2 (Central America; Colombia).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Bovucarp, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (Na- ranjo, Orosi, and San Carlos, Costa Rica).—Scuarer and Saxvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 499 (Antioquia, Colombia).—SaLvin and Gopmay, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 274, part (Nicaraguan, Costa Rican, and Colombian localities and references).—Sciarer, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus., xi, 1886, 124, part.—ZeLEpon, Anal. Mus. Nae. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjo de Cartago, Jiménez, Trojas de Puntarenas, and Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 585 (Segovia R., Hon- duras).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1898, 488 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). :
CALOSPIZA INORNATA (Gould).
PLAIN-COLORED TANAGER.
Adult male.—Above plain slate-gray, paler and more bluish on ramp and upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts bright cerulean or tur- quoise blue, more purplish blue on lower portion and along posterior margin; rest of wings and tail dull black or dusky, with slate-gray edgings; sides of head and neck like pileum, etc.; lores, apex of malar region, and anterior margin of chin blackish; lower chin, throat, chest, sides, and flanks dull light gray, the first inclining to white; median portion of breast and abdomen white, the lower portion of the latter tinged with buffy; under tail-coverts dull white or pale buffy, the longer feathers with concealed portion mostly grayish; maxilla black; mandible grayish with dusky tip; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 109.2-130.8 (119.4); wing, 66.5-68.1 (67.3); tail, 45.2- 48.3 (46.5); exposed culmen, 8.4-9.4 (8.9); depth of bill at base, 5.1— 5.6; tarsus, 16-17.8 (16.8); middle toe, 11.7-11.9 (11.8).*
Adult female.—Similar to the male and not always distinguishable, but usually (?) very slightly duller in color; length (skins), 114.3- 119.4 (116.8); wing, 63-64 (63.5); tail, 41.7-43.2 (42.4); exposed cul- men, 8.9; depth of bill at base, 5.6; tarsus, 16-16.8 (16.3); middle toe, 11.9-14 (18).’
: 5 : 1 Five specimens. Two specimens.
52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Veragua to central Colombia (Bogota; Remedios; Nichi; Bucara- manga, etc.).
Calliste inornata Gouin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 158 (Bogota, Colombia; coll. J. Gould).—Sciarmr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 258 (monogr.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 84; Monogr. Calliste, 1857, 103, pl. 45; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 359 (Panama); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 121 (Veragua; Panama, Lion Hill, and Paraiso Station, Panama R. R.; Bogota, Remedios, Nichi, and Antioquia, Colombia).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 142 (Turbo, n. Colombia).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 298 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Sciarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill); 1879, 499 (Antioquia).—Sa.vrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, i, 1883, 273.—Brruerscu, Journ. fir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucara- manga, Colombia).
[ Calliste] inornata ScuaterR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Calliste ornata [lapsu] Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vi, 1861, 332 (Panama R. R.; crit.). :
Calospiza inornata Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Sept. 20, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).
CALOSPIZA CUCULLATA (Swainson). HOODED TANAGER.
Adult male.—Pileum uniform very dark chestnut or rich seal brown; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions dusky, the feathers sometimes indistinctly tipped with dull grayish blue; hindneck, sides of neck, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain buffy, with golden gloss, or grayish green, according to position with reference to the light; wing-coverts grayish green (nearly french green), the lesser coverts somewhat more bluish (terre-verte green); remiges and rectrices black edged with green (broadly on secondaries and rectrices, the outer webs of tertials almost wholly green); chin and upper throat light greenish buffy, the bases of feathers dusky; lower throat and chest grayish blue changing to silvery buff, the color becoming gradually more cin- namomeous posteriorly, the under tail-coverts being wholly light cinnamon; maxilla blackish, mandible horn brownish (in dried skins) with blackish tips; legs and feet- dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 128.3-141 (134.6); wing, 73.2-73.9 (73.4); tail, 52.6- 52.8; exposed culmen, 11.7-12.2 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 6.9-7.4 (7.1); tarsus, 19.6-20.6 (20.1); middle toe, 13.2.1
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but pileum lighter, inclin- ing more to chestnut (sometimes bright chestnut); back, scapulars, etc., much greener (bright grayish green, lighter and sometimes slightly more buffy on lower rump; under parts dull greenish, with little if any of the blue and violet sheen of the adult male; length (skins), 123.2-143.5 (187.2); wing, 70.6-75.2 (73.2); tail, 51.8-52.8 (52.6); exposed culmen, 11.7-11.9 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 6.6-7.1 (6.9); tarsus, 18.8-20.1 (19.6); middle toe, 12.2-18.5 (13).?
L}
1Two specimens, both from island of Grenada. * Six specimens, all from the island of Grenada.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 53
Venezuela * (Angostura); island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles.
Al[glaia] cucullata Swanson, Orn. Drawings, 1841, pl. 7.
C[alliste] cucullata Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 366.
[Calliste] cucullata Bonararrs, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 234.—Scnarmr and SALVIN, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 19.
Calliste cucullata Bonaparte, Rev. et’ Mag. de Zool., iii, 1851, 140; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 14.—Sciater, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1851, 63 (“ Brazil’’); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 19, 253 (monogr.); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 79; Monograph Calliste, 1857, 45, pl. 20 (Angostura, Venezuela); Ibis, 1876, 410; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886 113, part (Venezuela).—BurMetsrEr, Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras., iii, 1856, 183 (‘‘Brazil’’).—Cory, Cat. Birds W. Tig 1892, 114, 151 (Grenada, Lesser Antilles).
Calliste versicolor (not of Lawrence, 1878) Lawrence, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 269 (Grenada); ix, 1886, 613 (Grenada; habits; descr. nest and eges).— ScuaTEr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 113, part (Grenada; Venezuela).
[Calliste] versicolor Cory, List Birds W. L., revised ed., 1886, 11, part.
CALOSPIZA VERSICOLOR (Lawrence). ST, VINCENT TANAGER,
Similar to C. cucudlata, but larger and lighter colored, the pileum clear light chestnut or chestnut-tawny instead of very dark chestnut or seal brown.
Adult male.—Pileum clear, bright, light chestnut or tawny-chestnut; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions dusky, the last with feathers tipped with dull green or grayish green; hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump opalescent, changing from light silvery green to golden buff or even pinkish, according to direction of the light; upper tail-coverts dull grayish green; lesser and middle wing-coverts dull grayish bluish green; outer webs of greater coverts similar but more decidedly green; remiges and rectrices black broadly edged with dull green or grayish green, the outer webs of tertials and the middle rectrices almost wholly of this color; chin and upper throat pale greenish grayish, the feathers darker basally, producing an indistinctly freckled appearance; rest of under parts opalescent, changing from blue to lilac and golden accord- ing to direction of the light; under tail-coverts cinnamon, and more or less of this color showing on under parts of the body where plumage is disarranged; maxilla brownish black, mandible horn color (in dried skins); iris brown; legs and feet dusky horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 144.8-157.5 (149.4); wing, 76.7-78.7 (77.5); tail, 54.4- 55.9 (55.1); exposed culmen, 12.4-13.2 (12.7); depth of bill at base (one specimen), 6.9; tarsus, 20.8-21.3 (21.1); middle toe, 1414.7 (14.5).”
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but pileum lighter, more tawny; hindneck, back, scapulars, and rump dull opalescent. green, changing to bright yellowish green and golden buffy; under parts
1T have not seen specimens from Venezuela; they may, or may not, be identical with Grenada examples. ?Four specimens.
54 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
mainly dull light green, without the blue, lilac, or strongly golden changeable hues of the adult male; edgings to wings and tail more yellowish green; length (skins), 149.9-160 (154.2); wing, 75.7-T7.7 (76.5); tail, 53.6-54.6 (54.1); exposed culmen, 11.7-12.4 (12.2); depth of bill at base (two specimens), 7.6; tarsus, 20.8-21.16 (21.3); middle toe, 14,2- 15.2 (14.7)."
Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles.
Calliste versicolor Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., i, June, 1878, 153 (St. Vin- cent, Lesser Antilles; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 190, 487 (St. Vincent).—Cory, Birds W. I., 1889, 82 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 134, 151.—Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 113, part (St. Vincent).
[Calliste] versicolor Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11 (St. Vincent).
Calliste cucullata (not Aglaia cucullata Swainson) ScuaTErR and Savin, Ibis, 1878, 357 (crit.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 195 (St. Vincent); v, 1888, 157.
[Calliste] cucullata Cory, List Birds W. I., revised ed., 1886, 11 (St. Vincent).
Genus TANAGRA Linnezus.
Tanagra Linnazus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 3138. (Type, by elimination, 7. episcopus Linneeus or T. sayaca Linneeus.)
Thraupis Borg, Isis, 1826, 947. (Type, Tanagra archepiscopus Desmarest, = T. ornata Sparrmann. )
Medium-sized Tanagers with exposed culmen decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw, tarsus not more than one-third as long as tail, maxillary tomium nearly straight, and with the head unicolored.
Bill varying from slenderly conoid (Z: ornata) to turgid conoid (7. bonartensis), but usually intermediate between these extremes; exposed culmen more than half as long as tarsus, nearly straight for basal half or more, more or less strongly convex terminally, the tip slightly uncinate; gonys a little shorter than length of maxilla from nostril, slightly convex or nearly straight, more or less ascending terminally; maxillary tomium nearly straight, distinctly notched subterminally; mandibular tomium slightly convex or nearly straight; width of bill at base equal to or exceeding its basal depth. Nostril exposed, small, nearly circular or horizontally oval, with narrow anterior and superior membrane. Rictal bristles inconspicuous. Wing rather long (a little more than four to about four and three-fourths times as long as tar- sus), rather pointed (ninth to sixth primaries longest, ninth longer than fourth, sometimes longer than sixth); primaries exceeding sec- ondaries usually by more than length of tarsus (by less in 7. darwini). Tail shorter than wing by about or more than length of tarsus, even or slightly emarginate, the rectrices of medium width, with rounded tips. Tarsus equal to or slightly longer than middle toe with claw;
1 Three specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 55
lateral claws reaching about to base of middle claw: bind claw decidedly shorter than its digit. Plumage silky, blended.
Coloration.—(1) Plain bluish gray, with blue or greenish wings and tail; (2) purplish olive or grayish, with light-colored wing-coverts and black remiges; (3) with bluish head and greenish-yellow lesser wing- coverts, or (4) with blue head and yellow or orange rump and under parts.
Range.—Continental tropical America, from southern Mexico to Argentina and Peru.
Notwithstanding the great difference in the form of the bill between T. ornata and T. bonariensis, other species are so variously intermedi- ate in this respect that, taking into consideration also the fact that other considerable differences between the various species (both as to structure and style of coloration) are not correlated with one another, Iam unwilling to subdivide the genus as here defined. I must, how- ever, expunge the Aglaia cyanocephala D’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, usually placed in Zanagra, on account of its narrow nostrils with broad superior operculum, broad and depressed bill, shorter and more rounded wing, and longer tarsus.!
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TANAGRA.
a. Wings and tail blue, blue-green, or green; under parts pale gray, grayish blue, or grayish green. (Southern Mexico to Venezuela, and northern Peru. ) Tanagra cana (p. 55) aa. Wings and tail blackish, at least in part; under parts olive (sometimes glossed with purplish blue). , b. Lores pale gray; bases of remiges light olive; adults without blue on head or neck. (Costa Rica to Amazon Valley. ) Tanagra palmarum melanoptera (p. 58) bb. Lores black; bases of remiges yellow; adults with head and neck blue. (South- ern Mexico to southern Honduras.) ....-...--.------ Tanagra abbas (p. 60)
TANAGRA CANA Swainson.
BLUE TANAGER,
Adult male.—Head, neck, and under parts plain pale grayish blue, sometimes faintly tinged with greenish; back and scapulars darker grayish blue, usually more or less strongly tinged with glaucous-green, the rump and upper tail-coverts similar but brighter; lesser and middle wing-coverts bright campanula blue; rest of wings greenish blue (intermediate between glaucous-blue and turquoise), the tertials
'This I have made the type of a new genus, for which I inadvertently used (Auk, xv, July, 1898, p. 226) Cabanis’s name Hemithraupis, afterwards (Auk, xv, Oct., 1898, pp. 330, 331) correcting the error and renaming the genus Sporathraupis, but unfortunately committing another in giving a false derivation (at secondhand) for the name. .
56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
more greenish and the terminal portion of primaries blackish; tail greenish blue, like wings, with black shafts; maxilla black, mandible more grayish (bluish gray or grayish blue in life?); legs and feet black- ish or blackish gray (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 146.1-161.3 (153.7); wing, 83.6-91.9 (89.4); tail, 59.2-67.1 (65); exposed culmen, 11.7-13 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 6.6-8.1 (7.1); tarsus, 19.1-20.3 (19.8); middle toe, 14.2-15.5 (14.7).”
Adult female.—Similar to adult male and not always distinguishable, but usually duller in color, more decidedly greenish, with lesser wing- coverts less purplish blue (cerulean or light cobalt instead of cam- panula); length (skins), 142.2-165.1 (152.1); wing, 82.3-88.1 (83.8); tail, 58.2-63.8 (61.5); exposed culmen, 11.2-13.2 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 6.6-7.6 (6.9); tarsus, 18.8-20.8 (19.8); middle toe, 13.2-16 (14.7).?
Immature.—Similar to adults, but colors much duller; upper parts (except wings and tail) greenish gray, brighter or more decidedly greenish posteriorly; wings and tail bluish green, or glaucous-green, the lesser wing-coverts cerulean blue; under parts pale grayish green, tinged with yellowish.
Young (first plumage).—Plain greenish gray, paler beneath; wings and tail dull green (bice green or chromium green), the edges of pri- maries more bluish; lesser wing-coverts greenish gray or grayish green. :
Southern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Orizaba; Cordova), and southward through Central America to Venezuela, western Hcua- dor, and northern Peru.
T [anagra] cana Swainson, Ornith. Drawings [Birds of Brazil], part iii, 1834, pl. 37. (Locality not given.)
1 Twelve specimens. 2 Twelve specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Ex-_ | Depth ‘ Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill | Tarsus. aoe
culmen.jat base.
MALES.
One adult male from Mexico (State of Vera Cruz)..| 86.1 65.3 12.7 8.1 19.8 14.5
Two adult males from Honduras..................- 87.6 62.2 12,4 6.6 19.3 14,2 One adult male from Nicaragua.................... 91.7 64 12.7 TA 20.3 14.7 Three adult males from Costa Rica....-........ cee-{ 89.7] 65.5 12.2 71] 20.1 14.7 One adult male from Panama ...............22...2. 90.7] 66.8 12.2 6.6| 19.6 16
Four adult males from Colombia..................- 90.2 | 65.3 12.2 6.9 | 20.1 14.7
FEMALES,
Three adult females from Mexico ................-- 87.1 | 60.7 12,2 71{| 20.1 15
Two adult females from Honduras ................. 85.9] 61 12.4 6.9] 19.6 14.5 One adult female from Nicaragua.................. 87.9 | 68.8 18.2 2.6) 201 15.2 Two adult females from Costa Rica ................ 83.8] 62.5 18 71| 19.8 14.7 One adult female from Panama .................... 86.4] 61.2 13.2 7.4] 19.6 14.2
Three adult females from Colombia................ 85.1] 61.7 12.7 7.4 | 20.8 14.2
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 57
Tanagra cana ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 157 (Bogota, Colombia); 1856, 232, part (Venezuela?; Bogota); 1859, 139 (Pallatanga, w. Ecuador); 1860, 274 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador), 292 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 58; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 75, part (Venezuela?; Santa Marta and Bogota, Colombia; Pallatanga and Babahoyo, w. Ecuador); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 156, part (s. Mexico to Venezuela and n. Peru).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 141 (Turbo, Colombia).—Lawrencr, Am. Lye. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Tathinus Panama); ix, 1869, 236 (Puna L., Guayaquil, w. Ecuador). —Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 325 (Colombia, up to 8,000 ft.).—Bovcarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 54 (San José, Costa Rica).— SciaTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 500 (Antioquia, Colom- bia).—Satvin and Goopmay, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 277.—Brr.Epscu and TaczANowskt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 545 (Chimbo and Guayaquil, w. Ecuador); 1884, 290 (Cayan- deled, w. Ecuador).—Brrueprscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucaramanga, Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1884, 486.—Taczanowsk1 and Beruerscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 81 (Yaguachi, w. Ecuador).— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 580, 585 (Truxillo and Segovia R., Honduras).—Zetepon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Alajuela, San José, Cartago, and Santa Maria de Dota, Costa Rica).—Cnerrie, Auk, ix, 1892, 25 (San José, Costa Rica).—RicuMmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488- (Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; food).—Roginson, Flying Trip to Tropics, 1895, 161 (Barranquilla to Honda and Guaduas, Colombia).—Banes, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—Satvaporr and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., ete., Torino, xv, no. 357, 1899, 17 (Vinces and Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador).—AL.LEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 169 (Bonda, etec., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia). :
[Tanagra] cana Scuater and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.
(2?) Th [raupis] cana Capanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29 (Venezuela).
(?) T [anagra] celestis (not of Spix) Swarnson, Ornith. Drawings, 1841, pl. 41 (= young).
Tanagra swainsont Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 364.
Tanagra episcopus (not of Linneus) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116 (Guatemala; descr.).—(?) Casanis, in Schomburgk’s Reis. Brit. Gui- ana, iii, 1848, 670:
Tanagra sayaca (not of Linnzeus) Bonaparte, Rev. Zool., 1851, 170; Note sur les Tang., 1851, 21.
Tanagra cyanoptera (not Saltator cyanopterus Vieillot) Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 320 (n. Peru).
Tanagra (Aglaia) diaconus Lesson, Rev. Zool., vy, June, 1842, 175 (Realejo, Nicaragua) .
C[alliste] diaconus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1844, 366.
Tanagra diaconus ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 142 (David, Chiriqui), 233 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; Guatemala; Realejo, Nicaragua; Chiriqui; Santa. Marta, Colombia; monogr.); 1859, 59 (Omoa, Honduras; Belize, British Honduras; Peten, Guatemala), 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 173 (City of Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 59; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 75 (Colom- bia; Honduras; Mexico); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 156.—Sciater and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 16 (Guatemala); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Isth. Panama); 1870, 886 (Honduras).—Satvin and Scuarer, Ibis, 1860, 33 (Duefias, Guatemala).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Honduras).—Cass1n, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, 171 (San José, Costa Rica).—Lawrence, Ann.
58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1865, 176 (David, Chiriqui), 180 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 99 (San José and Angostura, Costa Rica).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1867, 138 (Santa Fé, Veragua; David, Chiriqui); 1870, 187; Ibis, 1872, 316 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (hot region, Vera Cruz, up to 3,350 ft.).—Franrzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 298 (Costa Rica. )
Tanagra cana diaconus Ripaway and Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, Sept. 5, 1882, 391 (La Palma, Costa Rica; habits).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., y, 1883, 499 (San José, Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 399 (Los Sébalos, Nica- ragua).—Banas, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.); Auk, xviii, 1901, 32 (San Miguel I., Bay of Panama).
Tanagra diacomus [typographical error] Sciatrer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 303 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). é
Thraupis diaconus CaBanis, Journ. fir Orn., 1860, 330 (Costa Rica).
TANAGRA PALMARUM MELANOPTERA (Sclater). BLACK-WINGED TANAGER,
Adult male.—General color plain glossy olive, glossed with purplish blue, darker on back and scapulars, and passing into light olive- greenish on forehead and crown, the auricular region also inclining to the same color; abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts tinged with yellowish olive; lores, chin, and anterior portion of malar region pale gray; lesser wing-coverts dull grayish purplish blue, passing into yellowish olive on middle and greater coverts; primary coverts dull blackish or dusky, edged with greenish olive; remiges brownish black or sooty, faintly edged (especially on primaries) with olive, the basal portion abruptly and more or less extensively light greenish olive or yellowish olive in strong contrast; tail brownish black or sooty, with greenish olive edgings; bill blackish; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 157.5-175.3 (166.6); wing, 89.9-99.3 (95.5); tail, 68.8-78.2 (72.4); exposed culmen, 12.7-14.5 (18.2); depth of bill at base, 6.1-7.1 (6.6); tarsus, 20.1-21.8 (20.8); middle toe, 15- 17.5 (16.8):3
Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distinguish- able, but usually with less of the purplish blue or violet gloss, the back lighter olive, the yellowish olive of forehead and crown less dis- tinct, and the remiges more distinctly edged with olive; length (skins), 157.5-175.3 (166.9); wing, 90.9-96.5 (93.7); tail, 63.8-72.9 (69.3);
1Six specimens.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59
exposed culmen, 13-13.2 (13); depth of bill at base, 6.1-7.1 (6.6), tarsus, 19.8-22.1 (21.1); middle toe, 14.7-17.5 (16.5)."
Young (in first plumage).—Plain, rather light, olive, slightly paler, and decidedly tinged with yellow on under parts; remiges, primary coverts, and tail brownish black or sooty, the former indistinctly light olive basally.
The series of specimens examined is much too imperfect to enable me to define very accurately the geographic range of this form. Indeed, Iam doubtful whether the bird from Colombia and Costa Rica is really the true 7: palmarum melanoptera, the type locality of which is eastern Peru. The National Museum possesses two specimens from that coun- try (headwaters of the Rio Huallaga). These have the wing and tail decidedly longer than any specimen seen from other localities. In coloration they agree closely with some specimens from the Lower Amazon (Diamantina), both having the back darker and the general violet gloss stronger than in any examples from Colombia and Costa Rica with which I have been able to compare them.
One perplexing circumstance is the occurrence in the same locality in the Lower Amazon district of specimens representing, as to colora- tion at least, both the typical 7. p. palmarwm and T. p. melanoptera.
Eastern Nicaragua (Greytown) and Costa Rica (Tucurriqui; Naranjo; San José, Santa Rosa; Angostura; Turrialba) southward through Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, etc., to eastern Peru, Bolivia, Amazon Valley, and Trinidad.
Tanagra olivascens (not of Lichtenstein, 1823) D’Orsieny, Voy. Amer. Mérid.,
Ois., 1839, 274.—Tscuup1, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1847, 204.—(?) L&oraup, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, -295.
1 Kleven specimens. - Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Ex- | Depth A F : ° Middle lity. Wing. | Tail. osed | of bill | Tarsus. es 2 aulaen) at base. — "MALES. Three adult males from Costa Rica........------.-+ 94.2 71.1 13.0 6.9 20.8 16.8 One adult male from Panama .......---------+--++- 93.5 73.4 132) eadsceecrs 20.3 16.8 Two adult males from Trinidad ............-..----- 94 70.6 14 6.9 20.6 16 One adult male from British Guiana .........------ 97.5 72.9 13 6.9 20.6 17.3 Three adult males from Lower Amazon........---- 94.7 71.4 13.2 6.1 20.8 17.3 Two adult males from Upper Amazon (Rio Hual- TASB) oy iiccin ci datotasipayaiad edmentedemaeceaealsadeces 98.6 | 76.7 17! econo 20.3 17 FEMALES, Three adult females from Costa Rica....-.-----+++- 93.7 67.6 18 6.6 20.3 16.8 One adult female from Panama ......--.----++++++ 92, 2 67.6 13 6.9 21.3 14.7 Two adult females from Lower Amazon........---- 94,7 72.6 13 6.1 21.3 17.5
60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tanagra palmarum (not of Maximilian) ScuaTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 177 (Bogota, Colombia) ; 1856, 234, part (Bolivia); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 60, part (do.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 76, part (do.); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 159, part.—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1861, 297 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).—Sciarer and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, 185
‘ (s. Peru), 262 (upper and lower Ucayali, etc., e. Peru; habits); 1879, 500 (Antioquia, Colombia), 600 (Bolivia).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 55 (Naranjo and San José, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1880, 120 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 279, part (mostly).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, 13 (n. e. Peru).— Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, 173 (Trinidad).—Ze.epon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 109 (Naranjo de Cartago).—RicHMonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 488 (Greytown, Nicaragua).
[Tanagra] palmarum Scuiater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21, part.
Thraupis palmarum Finscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 580 (Trinidad).
Tanagra melanoptera ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 235 (e. Peru; Bogota, Colombia; ex Hartlaub, manuscript); 1858, 74 (Rio Napo, e. Ecuador); 453 (Ecuador); 1860, 292 (Ecuador); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 61; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 76 (Bogota, Colombia; Esmeraldas and Rio Napo, Ecuador; Trinidad).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 82 (Trinidad).—Sciarer and Satviy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 350 (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.); 1866, 180 (Ucayali, e. Peru); 1867, 749 (Huallaga, e. Peru); 1868, 627 (Venezuela).—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, .171.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,’1867, 138 (Santiago, Veragua).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 99 (Santa Rosa, Angostura, and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—Frantzius, Journ. fir Orn., 1869, 298 (Santa Rosa, Angostura, Turrialba, and Tucarrique, Costa Rica) .— PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 1871, 209 (Forte de Rio Branco; Forte de Rio Negro; Rio Murio).—Wyart, Ibis, 1871, 326 (Bucaramanga, Aguachica, and Ocaiia, Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 513 (centr. Peru).
Tanagra palmarum melanoptera Brriepscn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1884, 291 (Bucara- manga, Colombia).—Taczanowsk1, Orn. du Pérou, ii, 1885, 486.—CHaPMAN, Auk, vii, 1890, 267 (Santarem, lower Amazon; crit.); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., vi, 1894, 30 (Trinidad; habits).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 677 (Margarita I., Venezuela).—Baneas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasb., xii, 1898, 141 (Santa Marta, Colombia); Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL. ii, 1900, 30 (Loma del Leon, Panama R. R.).—Auuen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xiii, 1900, 169 (Bonda, etc., prov. Santa Marta, Colombia).
[Tanagra palmarum] b. subsp. melanoptera Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 160, in list of specimens (Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Santiago, Veragua; Paraiso Station and Panama, Panama R. R.; Minca, Santa Marta, Remedios, and Bogota, Colombia; Rio Napo, Sarayacu, and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; .Yquitos and Sarayacu, e. Peru; Cangalli, Bolivia).
(?) Tanagra palmarum violilavata Bertersca and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 546 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).
TANAGRA ABBAS Lichtenstein.
ABBOT TANAGER,
Adult male.—Head and neck dull purplish (campanula) blue, becom- ing much paler and duller (more grayish) blue on throat; lores black; back olive (with a bluish gloss in certain lights), the feathers dusky centrally, producing a spotted appearance; scapulars, rump, and upper
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 61
tail-coverts plain yellowish olive, the rump and upper tail-coverts more or less tinged with gray; under parts (except throat) lighter, much more yellowish, olive, more or less glossed with purplish blue anteriorly and laterally; lesser wing-coverts olive-bluish; middle and greater coverts yellowish olive, the former with slightly bluish tips; alula, primary coverts, and remiges black, the first’ two edged with bluish olive or olive-bluish, the last (except outermost and one to three innermost primaries) extensively and abruptly clear light yellow (sul- phur or light canary) basally, that on secondaries mostly concealed by greater coverts; under wing-coverts pale yellow, with a broad exterior border of bluish olive or olive-bluish; tail blackish, with dark olive edgings, broader basally; bill black, the mandible grayish basally; legs and feet dusky (grayish in life?); length (skins), 157.5- 175.3 (168.1); wing, 94-102.4 (97.8); tail, 64-73.4 (68.3); exposed cul- men, 11.2-12.7 (11.9); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.1 (7.9); tarsus, 20.8— 29.6 (21.8); middle toe, 14.7-17.3 (16).
Adult female.—Similar to adult male, but blue of head and neek slightly duller, especially on throat, under parts less strongly tinged with blue, and black of wings and tail rather duller; length (skins), 163.8-167.6 (166.4); wing, 93.5-96.5 (95.3); tail, 65-68.8 (66.8); exposed culmen, 12.2-13 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7.9-8.1 (8.1); tarsus, 20.8-22.4 (21.8); middle toe, 15.2-16 (15.5).?
Young (first plumage).—No blue on head or neck; upper parts, except wings and tail, plain grayish olive, darker on back; under parts much paler olive, tinged with yellow posteriorly; wings and tail as in adults, but remiges, etc., and rectrices duller black, or dusky, the sec- ondaries with the basal yellow less pure and less sharply defined.
Southern Mexico, in states of Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Cordova; Orizaba), Mexico (valley of Mexico), Oaxaca, etc.,
1Ten specimens. » Four specimens. Specimens from different localities average as follows:
Ex-_ | Depth Middle i Wing. | Tail. osed | of bill | Tarsus. ne guinen, at base. toe.
MALES,
Six adult males from eastern Mexico........------- 99.8 70.1 11.7 7.9 2261: 16: 5 Two adult males from Guatemala ...........-.----- 94,2 65.8 11.9 7.9 21.3 16.7 Two adult males from Honduras ........-+----+++++ 96 66 12.7| 7.6] 28) 15 FEMALES. : ’ Two adult females from eastern Mexico........---- 95.3 66.5 12.2 7.9 22.1 15.7
Two adult females from Honduras .....------------ 95 66.8 13 8.1 21.6 15.5
I am unable to discover any color difference between specimens from extreme points of the range of the species.
62 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
southward through Guatemala, British Honduras and Honduras to the Segovia River.
Tanagra abbas LicHTENsreIn, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog., 1831, 2 (Mexico; coll. Berlir Mus.) ; Journ. tiir Orn., 1863, 57.—ScuatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856. 235 (monogr.; Cordova and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Honduras; Guatemala), 303 (Cordova); 1858, 358 (Lake of Yojoa Honduras); 1859, 364 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz), 378 (Teotalcingo and Villa Alta, Oaxaca); 1864, 173 (valley o1 Mexico); Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 61; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 76 (Mexico) Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 162 (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Cahabon, Coban, Chisec, Duefias, and Retalhuleu, Guate- mala; San Pedro, Honduras).—Sumicnrastr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 550 (hot and temperate regions Vera Cruz, up to 4,000. ft.).—Scuarer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 836 (San Pedro, Honduras) .—Law- RENCE, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 19 (Guichicovi, Oaxaca).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 189 (Guatemala).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1883, 278.—Frrranri-PereEz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 140 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 580 (Truxillo, Honduras), 585 (Segovia R., Honduras).—Ricumonp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 631 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 27 (Jalapa).
[Tanagra] abbas Sctater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.
Tanagra (Aglaia) vicarius Lesson, Cent. Zool., 1831, 206, pl. 68 (Mexico).
Tanagra vicarius BonapaRTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116 (Guatemala) ; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 238; Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iii, 1851, 171; Note sur tes Tang., 1851, 22.—ScuaTeR and Savin, Ibis, 1859, 16, pl. 5, fig. 1, egg (Duefias, Guatemala; descr. eggs).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 59 (Belize, British Honduras).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 111 (Lake Yojoa, Honduras).
Th[raupis] vicarius CaBanis, Mus. Hein., i, 1850, 29 (Mexico).
Genus SPINDALIS Jardine and Selby.
Spindalis JARDINE and SELBY, Illustr. Orn., new ser., 1836, pl. 9. (Type, 8. bili- neatus JARDINE and SeLsy, Tanagra nigricephala Jameson. )
Spizampelis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 253. (Type, Tanagra pretrei Lesson. )
Medium-sized to rather small Tanagers, with exposed culmen decid- edly shorter than middle toe without claw, tarsus not more than one- third as long as tail, and maxillary tomium distinctly sinuated; adult males with head conspicuously striped with black and white, the plumage otherwise varied with black, yellow, orange (sometimes tawny or chestnut), and white; females with wing-coverts and second- aries edged distinctly with whitish or pale olive.
Bill rather short (distance from nostril to tip of maxilla less than that from same point to anterior angle of eye), varying from stout to rather slender, triangular in vertical profile; culmen distinctly (usually strongly) convex; gonys slightly convex, shorter than length of maxilla to nostril, about equal to or a little less than width of mandible at base; depth of bill at base less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla; maxillary tomium rather distinctly notched subterminally,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 63
then nearly straight or faintly concave, more or less convex beneath nasal fossee; mandibular tomium first a little concave, then more or less convex to about the middle, thence nearly straight to the slight subbasal angle. Nostril exposed, broadly horizontally oval, with rather broad superior membrane. Rictal bristles obvious but not conspicuous. Wing a little less than four to about four and one-third times as long as tarsus, rather pointed (ninth to sixth or eighth to fifth primaries longest, the ninth longer than fifth); primaries exceed- ing secondaries by a little less to a little more than length of tarsus. Tail shorter than wing by less than length of tarsus, slightly divari- cate and emarginate, the rectrices rather narrow, with firm webs and rounded or very slightly pointed tips. Tarsus less than twice as long as exposed culmen, equal to or slightly exceeding middle toe with claw; lateral claws scarcely reaching to base of middle claw; hind claw decidedly shorter than its digit, strongly curved.
Coloration.—Adult males with head black, relieved by broad super- ciliary and malar stripes of white; wings and tail black, conspicuously marked with white; under parts with more or less yellow or orange, or both, sometimes with chestnut on chest; throat black laterally, white or yellow centrally or medially. Females and young much duller, with black replaced by olivaceous, the head without conspicu- ous (if any) stripes.
Range.—Greater Antilles (Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, Jamaica, Grand Cayman) and Cozumel Island, Yucatan.
S. pretrei bas been separated generically, doubtless on account of its slender bill, which is very different in form from that of S. nigri- cephala and S. benedicti; but other species are intermediate, and I can see no good reason for subdividing the genus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SPINDALIS.
u. Head black, with conspicuous white superciliary and malar stripes. (Adult males. ) b. Rump yellowish olive-green, similar to back, but slightly more yellowish; inner webs of lateral rectrices not extensively white.
c. Larger (wing 92.2-100.6); hindneck olive-green, like back; lesser wing-coverts black; abdomen and flanks yellow. (Jamaica. )
Spindalis nigricephala, adult male (p. 64) ce. Smaller (wing 82.5-87.6); hindneck orange, forming a sharply defined col- lar; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; abdomen white, flanks grayish olive-
green, indistinctly streaked with darker. (Porto Rico.) Spindalis portoricensis, adult male (p. 65) bb. Rump rufous-orange, orange-rufous, or chestnut very different from color (olive-green or black) of back; inner webs of lateral rectrices extensively
white.
c. Bill more slender (depth at base much less than distance from nostril to tip of maxilla); nuchal collar yellow or rufous-orange; whole rump rufus-orange or orange-rufous.
d. Nuchal collar yellow; upper tail-coverts chestnut or chestnut-rufous; chest chestnut. (Haiti.) -.--- Penne Spindalis multicolor, adult male (p. 67)
64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dd. Nuchal collar rufous-orange; upper tail-coverts rufous-orange, like rump; chest rufous-orange. (Cuba; Isle of Pines. )
Spindalis pretrei, adult male (p. 68)
ce. Bill stouter (depth at base nearly equal to distance from nostril to tip of
maxilla); nuchal collar chestnut, at least the upper portion; upper rump olive-green or black, like back; lower rump chestnut.
d. Smaller (wing 73.4-81.0, tail 57.9-65.0) ; bill much narrower (depth at base
6.1-7.9). (Spindalis zena. )
e. Back and scapulars uniform black (rarely very slightly mixed with olive-
green). (Bahamas, except Abaco island. ) Spindalis zena zena, adult male (p. 70) ee. Back and scapulars dark yellowish olive, or at least much mixed with this color or olive-yellowish. (Abaco Island, Bahamas. ) Spindalis zena townsendi, adult male (p. 72) dd. Larger (wing 76.2-86.4, tail 63.0-68.1) ; bill much stouter (depth at base, 7.6-8.9) ; back and scapulars always yellowish olive.
e. Median throat-stripe lemon yellow; lower rump chestnut. (Cozumel Island, Yucatan) ........-------- Spindalis benedicti, adult male (p. 73)
ee. Median throat-stripe ‘‘yellowish orange;’’ lower rump ‘‘brownish orange.’’ (Island of Grand Cayman, Caribbean Sea. )
Spindalis salvini, adult male (p. 74) aa. Head olive-grayish, without distinct (if any) white superciliary or malar stripes. (Adult females.1) b. Larger (wing 97.8, tail 74.7); abdomen yellow. Spindalis nigricephala, adult female (p. 65) bb. Smaller (wing less than 85.1, tail less than 66); abdomen not yellow. c. Under parts streaked.....-.-.---- Spindalis portoricensis, adult female (p. 66) cc. Under parts not streaked. d. Larger (wing 76.2-81.5, tail 59.9-63.5) ; bill stouter (depth at base 7.6-8.1). Spindalis benedicti, adult female (p. 73) dd. Smaller (wing 68.6-76, tail 53.3-60.7); bill more slender (depth at base not more than 7.4).
e. Larger (wing 71.1-76.4, averaging more than 72.4; tail 53.3-60.7, averag- ing 55.6 or more); bill stouter, averaging 7.1-7.4 in basal depth; color less strongly olivaceous.
a GYaYeR aac.d ia titra Samia te Spindalis zena zena, adult female (p. 71) Sf. More olivaceous......-..- Spindalis zena townsendi, adult female (p. 72) ee. Smaller (wing 68.6-71.1, averaging 70.1, tail 50.8-54.1, averaging 52.6); bill more slender (averaging 5.6 in basal depth); color more strongly OliVaCCOUB scene sweseevesemsuees Spindalis pretrei, adult female (p. 69)
SPINDALIS NIGRICEPHALA (Jameson). JAMAICAN SPINDALIS.
Adult male.—Head and upper neck black, relieved by a broad super- ciliary stripe (extending to nape), a broad malar stripe, and a patch covering chin and upper throat, of white; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts plain yellowish olive-green, more yellowish poste- riorly; under parts deep saffron or indian yellow, deepening into orange, or cadmium orange, on median portion of chest and foreneck,
1 Females of S. multicolor and §. salvini have not been seen by me.
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 65
slightly tinged with olive laterally, especially on flanks; anat region and under tail-coverts white, the feathers grayish basally; axillars and under wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with yellow; wings and tail black, the greater coverts and tertials broadly, the other secondaries and the primaries narrowly, margined with white; inner webs of lat- eral rectrices with a large terminal blotch of white on inner half; max- illa black, mandible bluish gray with blackish tip; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 165.1-186.7 (177); wing, 92.2-100.6 (97.3); tail, 71.6-79.2 (75.7); exposed culmen, 12.2- 14 (13.5); depth of bill at base, 8.1-8.4 (8.4); tarsus, 21.8-23.9 (22.6); middle toe, 15.2-16.8 (16.8). !
Adult female.—Pileum and sides of head plain dull olive-grayish, the feathers with indistinctly darker margins; chin, throat, and sides of neck plain light brownish gray; otherwise like the adult male, but lesser and middle wing-coverts greenish olive, black of greater coverts, remiges, primary coverts, and tail duller (the last with middle pair of rectrices dusky brownish gray), yellowish olive-green of upper parts duller, and yellow of under parts slightly less intense; white terminal patch of inner web of lateral rectrices smaller; length (skin), 181.6; wing, 97.8; tail, 74.7; exposed culmen, 13.5; depth of bill at base, 8.1; tarsus, 22.9; middle toe, 16.8. ?
Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.
Tanagra nigricephala Jameson, Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., xix, 1835, 213 (Jamaica); L’Institut, iii, 1835, 316.—Gossz, Illustr. Birds Jamaica, 1849, pl. 56.
[Spindalis] nigricephala Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 240.—Sciarer and Savin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Spindalis nigricephala ScuaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 230(monogr.) ; 1861, 74; Synop. Av. Tanagr., 1856, 56; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 77, excl. syn. part; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 166 (Moneague and Spanishtown, Jamaica).— Auprecat, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 196.—Marcn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 296.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 198 (synonymy; descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 85; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 1830.—Scorr, Auk, x, 1893, 180.
S[pindalis] nigricephala A. and E, Newton, Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 104.
Spindalis bilineatus JARDINE and Sexy, Illustr. Orn., new ser., 1836, pl. 9.
Tanagra zena (not Fringilla zena Linneeus) Gossr, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 231.
Tanagra zenoides Des Murs, Icon. Orn., 1847, pl. 40.
SPINDALIS PORTORICENSIS (Bryant).
PORTO RICAN SPINDALIS,
Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a white superciliary stripe (extending to nape) and a white malar stripe (some- times also a small white spot in middle of forehead); a large black space on each side of lower throat; back, scapulars, rump, and upper
1 Five specimens. ? One specimen.
8654—voL 2—01 5
66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tail-coverts plain olive-green, more yellowish posteriorly; a conspicu- ous collar of orange, commencing at posterior end of the white malar stripe and extending thence across sides of neck and hindneck; lesser wing-coverts chestnut-rufous; middle coverts olive-green; rest of wing dull blackish or dusky, the greater coverts and secondaries (especially the tertials) edged with grayish white, the secondaries sometimes edged with olive-greenish basally; outer webs of primaries more or less extensively white at base, this sometimes entirely concealed by primary coverts, sometimes extending beyond them; tail olive-dusky (the middle pair of rectrices paler, more olive or olive-grayish), with edges of rectrices olive-greenish basally, grayish terminally; inner webs of lateral rectrices usually edged terminally with white; chin and sides of upper throat white, flecked with black; median portion of throat (more or less broadly) clear yellow, passing into cadmium orange on median portion of foreneck (between posterior half, approxi- mately, of the lateral black spaces); chest, breast, upper abdomen, and anterior portion of sides yellow (lemon or gamboge) tinged with olive laterally; rest of under parts white medially, light grayish olive or olive-grayish laterally, the flanks indistincly streaked with darker; under tail-coverts with a central (mostly concealed) sagittate space of olive-grayish; maxilla black, mandible grayish (bluish gray or plumbeous in life); iris dark reddish brown’; legs and feet grayish dusky (plumbeous in life’); length (skins), 147.8-168.9 (157); wing, 82.6-87.4 (84.6); tail, 61.7-68.6 (64.8); exposed culmen, 11.4-13 (12.2); depth of bill at base, 7.6-8.9 (8.1); tarsus, 18.8-91.6 (20.1); middle toe, 14-15.5 (15).
Adult female.—Very different from the male. Above plain gray- ish olive, the rump, upper tail-coverts, edges of rectrices (basally), lesser wing-coverts, and edges of secondaries (sometimes also an indistinct collar across hindneck and sides of neck), yellowish olive- green; greater wing-coverts brownish gray, edged with pale olive- grayish or pale olive-greenish, passing into whitish terminally; rest of wings darker brownish gray, or dusky, the tertials edged with pale olive-grayish or olive-whitish, the other secondaries with yellowish olive-green, the primaries (more narrowly) with olive-whitish or pale olive-grayish or olive-greenish; sides of head plain grayish olive or olive-grayish like pileum, sometimes with a very indistinct supercil- lary stripe of paler; a broad whitish malar stripe, usually flecked with olive-grayish; beneath this, on sides of lower throat, a more or less extensive and distinct patch of olive-grayish; under parts whitish, more or less tinged with yellow on chest and breast and shaded with olive-grayish across chest and on sides and flanks, more or less dis- tinctly streaked with dusky, except on lower abdomen and anal region; bill, iris, legs, and feet as in male; length (skins), 147.3-154.9 (150.9); wing, 78.7-84.3 (81.5); tail, 59.2-65 (62.5); exposed culmen, 11.4-
*C. W. Richmond, manuscript. *Seven specimens,
BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 67
13.2 (12.4); depth of bill at base, 7.4-8.1 (7.6); tarsus, 20.1-99.1 (20.6); middle toe, 18-15.2 (14.5).!
Immature male.—Similar to the adult male, but black of head replaced by olive, more or less blotched or mixed with black; white head-stripes less distinct, less purely white; orange patch on foreneck absent or slightly indicated, and yellow of breast, etc., paler; orange nuchal collar narrower, more yellow; wings and tail much as in adult female.
Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.
Tanagra portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., x, 1866, 252 (Porto Rico).
[Spindalis] portoricensis Scuarer and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 21.—Cory, List Birds W. I., 1885, 11.
Spindalis portoricensis GuNDLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 311; 1878, 159, 168; Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 188.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 197 (synonymy; descr.); Birds W. I., 1889, 84 (do.); Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 16, 114, 132.— Scuater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xi, 1886, 167.
Tanagra (Spindalis) portoricensis Sunpuvauy, Ofv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. Stockh., 1869, 596.
SPINDALIS MULTICOLOR (Vieillot). HAITIAN SPINDALIS.
Adult male.—Pileum and sides of head black, relieved by a super- ciliary stripe and broader malar stripe of white, the former extend- ing to the nape; chin and upper throat also white; entire hindneck and sides of neck rich yellow (indian yellow); back yellowish olive- green, the scapulars similar but darker and somewhat mixed with dusky anteriorly; whole rump orange-tawny, becoming yellowish next to olive-green of back, the upper tail-coverts rather deeper orange- tawny, sometimes inclining to yellowish chestnut; lesser wing-coverts chestnut; rest of wings black, the middle coverts narrowly margined with olive-green, the greater coverts and tertials broadly edged with white, the other secondaries and the primaries more narrowly edged with white, the latter (except the outermost) white at base of outer web, forming a more or less extensive patch; tail black, the outermost rectrix with about the terminal half of inner web white (except at tip), the corresponding part of outer web also mostly white; next rectrix with a similar but slightly shorter patch of white on inner web; third with a large terminal or subterminal spot of white; median line of