0L^AxA#£i5\

^jn /-ai J*

• 6-*i'

""&•-'

•U^jOi OlijUU J&»J * <J iJJ- ^ K^ yU-il L^ 2 *
• jUaJI *A*^i < Jail ^U-Jaft J*< < <~*Uj fjj£!l OIjAH

l**^ jsJl <Jj*ll 4att:> <jj* j t SJui.1 «5> L. jl * *W jl

i 4~e> li I ASa^J* J jj-ojjl (--jjSjSj Jo-ail /*4» Jt OjJa^L^ — tf^i

* (j-oxtl ts«Lu,l (j_jSj jill <&yaii
- * f'i^ilj* Jill) c& '• t^-^ s^w* jl

* »j?wj" aS^3jJ u^Uai) Ojfii
— t?)**' 4j^- Vj (j^ ^_ -ft a * (j a.., <t>^Xj i$5*J (J*" 1 ^ 4 0"* 1 CM j ilfl " J

^l^ftll (_^sll ^ aSjLUI v LLi. <Ll£u <uk-k« t*-1jj Jj,

*

&. %JaA- < ^jUS 1 ] 4jJJV JwtJ < t^eJi <iUT Jl&J < <J&id-\

s^aLU <3jl — ail <^JlS |3"U .' <3jl_m <iJ ^ < >__M*is)b
astextin context- 3 L* Jf ^ ^ U ajlU'I J! J*A\ &J»

' **'./* j < (^-A*it <jJJ1 M-*-^ dil£.j < ^'VuuujVt' /^s ''.^jjS>.UJlj
(jwi.ji.Uji I tj^ijili)! g^ J I juil 3L* JU as < <±«*JI l<ia o^>

<__u.lji i qwuI^^j! (j?v> 4^11) ale (-jl—Lil J^iso ^a—jJiSj j
Sal*, j^i <»^iJ ^Jl^i; <y < <lJijill_j JSLtSj) <Jrtj oU^UM
^1 0j& cA < jalill^ -° cA£ olj < (5'jlaill jl ^LJ-i' Cy

s •

j\*i>.l j] < <d»L;1 <y ^>^JI u-axiJ _ Sab. _ eUjj < (j-a^l

j^l (iUjj " Ujua^s- fjl*Ji oOft 0L,U«„n (j-* lis- jLfll J3| VI

!<3UJl

OLjji*].! j\ <j)\»\ — vail <uoJo! Oi~*iJ * u-^i J»-ta <UUill

( Aj |3 cttfr-^U OjJxA p 1.1^ < JuO> tt*3«J ££i ^jS _ 4j JL-«jVI

^J QVU ^j*** ?Uj (j-u-ujU ^ < oljO>.j AS-^3 j>» ViUjJ,lj
<U_juiJ < (Jj^S\ Jjk^-juotJl <j^ < Lift (>• * <— ob-a£>.l JUu»
«ul*. ?Li*)1j < rti^Lj jL-juajV) (j' — ^ii < c j ; Sj u. ! , t fl7.11 <33^!
Aj \ila_jkxu L» Oic- «_iSj£j V JL-all jAj * SuU Os- *_*jJL— uV

< i< ^liiJl olasuJJ t?j»«j Jl ojjUse UjIj < J*t^5l cJ^"

J^Ji r*«,ft,_,,i,H lil » ; JU c^o- Ja>.LJ-l j^ «^j ♦ ?lJa».lj
(c'.^JJu ol o^ L. <j! jjLftU < llw; >.5U <Jj!VI «^j^ L« '• Jfh
*i*»U5 ^ ob < <H S1U J53 c>l jJLft 6* *sUi ^ J^> Lib

tflljl ^ Cw>^fr < Z5y£ ")jj u , t ,rt,9 -j^-o < (^..^laJ J*-tX» L^Jjl

< QjU-D Aiis^il ^iji^) W>^ <y> ' 4-*-— ^>^ <***» ^J

• ^J-\ SjLJl

• avjmx*

: Ua oliU^U ^^j - <Ui-l o^* ^ <d>JJ) <^u)l Je»b
oUJji <o^ Vv« ^sji ^ c**j -u^; < <uuaai jlw^s tuui^ju-b

- J'

j^Us* Yj < ujjs— ^ J, sjL j Yj < ^bJ aJXm U^l jj jj-J
*> oj— M.j>I"a)Tj ^1^1 <ui u^ ol^j < lo^o*. ul^^ <j>JJI

* v'^^ ob*j*M <Jlulj - JUj <£u! oa>-U < aj^j

o^jte. < jrysil i> <*±~° irony ASjiill ^/^/^
double audience ^V&3— — <**$\ <L-jus.|jj^1 t-JoL-iJLl &*

U-°^d ^O^ <^** (jJ' ^ 'U J\jw I (c* <^J , - i d t-uovtll O' (_$■**■*■£

<** ^L—uaj V — oiaJL (3L_^uJI Io,__a ^ _ utterance
jL^? «^>- < dramatic irony V*b^' <3jUli Ji %32

<J < 4j <jtbz ^jJl ?cs iJl |JjS ^S3j < L> ^Xjm IflJeUj Jill

Fowler, H., W., A Dictionary of Modern English ^)
Usage, Oxford. (1926) p, g95,

Richards J^J^^tJ 0^ ^J * u*ljJl i3U-«--il <^*- t>

(V) equilibrium of oppositions

ckrV 4 -? Fleischer _r^i^ <J>*d L5 _ <3jliU ul
aJVoJI Jj'Lju <y ^_j>dl SJVoJI <> t^ - Michel

J I -Jj^w jl _ ^js* eUi J*.! ,>j ' Gegenbedeutung

* (£) positives Gegenteil ^/L-^jVI

Abrams et a.L, The Norton Anthology of English (yj
Literature, Volume 1, 5th Edition; New York —
London (1976) p. 2595.
Abrams, M., H., A Glossary of literary Terms, (X)
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 4th. Edition (1981)
p. 92.
■jwaU jcVl 3%-aH 3ijUH "Jx^j Seidler jJ-*iOotf"j

geistige Ueberlegenheit ids* 51 «iUWI ,> Utitr ^xll £U>yyt ^
,.t»*siY S.iUaJ.1 S-Us-^l 3jl>JI UJU ^ SiUsoJt O o*j • ^JUD Squall

Seidler. Herbert, Allgemeine Stilistik, 2., neu-bear

beitete Auflage, Goettingen Vandenhoeck und
Rurrecht (1963) S. 344

Fleischer, W., Michel, G., Stilistik der deutschen (i)

Gegenwartssprache, VEB Bibliographisches In-*

stitut, Leipzig (1977) S. 155

_ \V -

C»J ironisch euphemistisch IS S$ J^"> <j*^ uJ^

^sjUui ^ < ^^iji ssjiai <^ t*v ^ ^^ ^

* t$>ijl (3U4U*&** t<;u3l < j^-osil ^—^ i5:>sll >^ !
U , dU3 J_*-l 6- * .*a-*iJ < 6*»J» iM^ 1 t -^ 11 j1

Leech, N., Geoffrey, A Linguistic Guide to PS
English Poetry, 7th Impression, London (1979)
P. 171

O^^^ill <jV— ^-4 J*. ?L- a5j < (A)« V_j_^j <»ii| diAj .t^jjl

(irony) <3jUU ^ ^ jf » : J^Li lilj jj (J i Jj%j
<i^Ji ^« <UIT -wJaJI 5i^Jj l^u> U-i Jio" op- < S^oJUJl ^jjjl *a

VI * <O.V-»>._J J_5*il ^ JL&I >Ui) lj_y*-t < Jsj^p^o jb Uj tJ ^>~

. <^aJ jf j^^, ! oU-JVl gJa*^ l^Uii; 31 < <>j>- ol j»J) JSI

• ( VVA ^

F ^ oisyJi (A)

_n -

Wail >^j < <c^U »r*13 Jl tfJ> ^ 5 -^ 1 c^M 1 «>•

,*u o>- lit <**£ « bUU* -Ul JU-rj ^1 JJ* J*-> ' > t ^ t
tf i 5 -.Vi"!'"'- -'M :i v '""' ; ' , SS cs*J' C^)

_ T« -

■■* isJ-\ U^Uii c^^jJJI M^J-oj (^3 jluu^^Vi jj'U-o* jS"<Jcrj

-oil Jj3 djj |> * ^j a..^ ISX_L»I UjIij S\ Jft c.aU4

^j3 < Uiil jlduiVl VAd "'—•-? » : ( -aV'TA o ) c^jiy"^
•(^V)«J5UU : <, b^j^ju,! 15! JjkUJJj i J3'<L V> : Jl-Utfj

« tJNjkJl » Jj I— 2^ <y ) (_^-l ^ou> Lf i J u ^aj < « J^^^dl »]
;^ajl ^Uaj (t^a—ic Cojj 1—^:53 < ( <JXdl rJ — » ^ju <^sll

<<jjk-*uj\j *S^)I J lit {j*a ' l_uj oJJ ^jj * £)V— ««|il;

..j^'Lac u1 'Uj-Ij « 43j(Ull ^4? J.I Uac- jjlj i/^/^
Ida cAS" olj ' o.L-*wU»YI (_£i»^ Jj& Jo? ul ^jjJJI jwdl
overt or direct meaning ^^ ijl^Uill^udl'Vil^J^U

■^ e *'->-* Lf^e ! ^> 55 jrj^-aJ'l 1-0— » e d_^u ^Jji

♦ o-T/!V( f Nft-VT ) J^o « 0-^
♦ VoA , YoV ^ J.U- ^^ < ^jUVI OjV Jl-uiVl (NT')
: ojISj « nT ^ J>LJI ^JLl (VS)

covert or oblique meaning ^il_-^ >£ Ji IjjX— -^ ^p-V

a^s-M u^ir 2 ^ u>— 5 <y sarcasm ^'J#— — ■"*» -? l

<^Jdl .Ua-y < ILWS JU11 <jj£> ul djjj < ^Ui <Jj5 o^*2l i.

-CA'lSb* fa* jV < A^jJi-k; <sJjai ^S 1 & JUJJ .^Uait ^uife
fosxuiaill 4JU&_i-uil Jl (j'L-tJl p^ji Uaie-j * jLJt j-*-
Sjj^ Jl _ asIj *=3jJ1 ^ _ ^^ <cU> * f !A£JJ tf^U&Jf*

OjAij ^Aj^i-ej clwuJ <jv>- lijbT dliljj < Uj^L l^^^-' oj ^^S
4jtfL_^» ^ <c!| I ait J&-L aije V U la-t^s < <J>^
5j>c__^J1 j i> j^l Jl ^.jj 4jJ\__m. ^aj • exaggeration

'• aJ sU a3 jl— ill J**j tal— J£ o*3 Ua - ridicule

(( ^U^aJI )) ^'U-aJ ((; OjjJI T> [ Jiii C& jLj&ill loA L£i»>-

ddjj < ^A— . «i s^LJ-l JU.I <ulc c>j& I — \> eJ z£^> (Sj*& L*
U.5 t dUi 0-» J*SdJ * 0^) Abrams >l\^t aWj U

— tSljdli (_^p- < t-u'V^L <WJu Jaj^J C^oJI < ftSjUMflS'afc

IU* ld_jb_j • *JI o-^^aSI jl <xo >^T j^L — JSV! J**

Leech, A Linguistic Guide, op. cit, p:. 172. ( ? *°)

Abrams, A Glossary, op. cit., p. 8-1 .. 0%,

- <5T _

riS b _a Cleanth Brooks ^j^ ^J5 J^, L5 ^ Sjlill* '

< aSjLJuJJ £>!jj] Ja <J>*j « oj^.1 (OIS3I al -I»>--^j

-S NTT j-b Jj'U. j»^. « 5ijUll : ( Sj^i ) ^1^1 <JU-j (\<Y)

- *t-

*t« ■■■'•j ; La>1 JaX^J * intonation f^usJb stress

rhythm ^li V! Jla < paralinguistic '-ie>^ Jy J- ^ J

tone of voice Oj~*)l <-J»Jj « Tempo ?b^l! Z3±J*j

* (f *)(^Uj ^Jj « loudness O^j-oJI ji*j

iuj* JjLsAo ^ ^a,J (J^J *Jj WJ Ua-1 J J < 1^ °\ J \ I \
".-(( *5^S$I )> jOlUjuel jjb _ (^jil)j pLJl O^-^^-l (_^ : Ui,

« Sj V „j.^ ! I 4^ jxllt d«p-L_J,l yiuj < *jUaJI ^^-Jl ^^LJ*

f 3&5l £J>! )) <;l jtS^aJl ( jbYU o ) ^j^l o^j
j^jaJI cz] S^\ o'i » '• Jt—^ ^.^ < JU1 is^&* <^° Jf 6 -
iSjUil a* i> lajJuS UjiSl vj 2 ^ *'^ * (^) (C (*dj^
^ < pj^il Aja-^3! j^sXc- Jiil Olj ' ad_r u9 ^' ^j*^ <^*

Enkvist, Nik Erik, Linguistic Stylistics, Mouton, (r-y
the the Hague —Paris (1973) p. 89. ..

* ° A 7j* < f^ VT ) >^Ij <*UaJJ <v«ll j-b « OTjAll

- Yfc -

• (Y Y)c c^a^ 131 « 'JJ\ ftp » 6- 5 ^ u

,« ( ^V£o o ) Sj_^ Oi Lsi^d : ( JljWi ) v^ 1 — -*->
cJaSUua 13l < c jXJI cXoi^J )) ^j5 (> < JaIs jaj » : <Jj%
a_, «.;» J* j^iV ^loA-l i> SjUfr oVJl *^^ gJ U < * ; « j*

: 4».j\ Z^s. jtS^dl Sj-us- ^ (JK c*j J** as j

♦ 'VYV'/V J.UJI ^J.1 (VV)
. Wu» Uj VYN/V **-Af £>->! (VM)

" ( tr-^ 1 tijJLJ' ^i^.' (>. ,> 0-! »>*- !>. ^* , i ) li^*" C* *)

- To _

ijIJuj Ajb^^ius )) : JUj <3ji5 Ioaj < IxS^t
*JJ.J co|V dbl )) : «-***-£ *j3 (jc \^So- JU? 4)jaST eU3^

• (n>cc ..»—.

♦ \m , nv/y jjuii ^jli (To)

_r\-

lexical ^-5-1 1 ^■jJi (J* W" ^ - ^ uJI p^ ^M^ 1 ~
V> U|^I jj*. Uwx» V - vA--^ 1 (J* J < semantics
0^ <^o*-1 wt <> • Linguistic Stylistks i£j*»s

J Its-* ol,l^l ^ UJl < ^ o^ s ^ <*L_kU

-rv_

^jX\ JLxas SSjUtl

<£ jjo* .,> u$i ^^ -us , q^i ^^ ^ r ^

• jiA\ ^^j , ^i*l| : c^^. & r ^J! ^Uj| o^ j^ ^

' V ^o- < C^V -. **U -T ) o^, , L^ u^ j^ ld _j,

^UJt jw& (0\£ ^ Joj j: ol < «-M-,bll <> <J*b V/t/^

j5\\\ (^jdl ^ l>j£*^» <y°- ' Speech act theory '
metaphorical meaning tfjL*^"^' <y-*^J direct meaning;
{S a^>S^\ iaXlj < ironical meaning ^jUil <y-*il;>

Xq^v L (jj j4^dj < indirect speech act ^Li-I Jj*

J5iil L^J JkUo jill dJj ^ < ti5 ^*il oVU- Jsw*ul ol

illocutionary c?jji^ jl ^^j -?.*k t:^' J^ *iScdl a-ru*.
'^/i'laJl Ioa f:^^ (^ >^ jaj " *-ȣ~Ju (^s effect

♦ V-t y- J.L- ^^ « jUcVl JJVj (V\),

■*SjL-^i'lj < insinuation j-«JlJ I j! ^^kJlj * hint

r< f** zji^t < metaphor SjUxu^lj < irony

<y > > >n,t\ tj^*j> y* utterance meaning cjjLill

♦ (VT)^Uj^u ?Uj] J,fr sentence meaning

wl t>t ' t5j ! w*JI '^-aJ <j£ < -A^ jaVSjI due- o^ liilj

t^.— £ a ,<.<aAJj L> UU4 J_j2j (j) bSU^i ijj^j '-ijS' : AjJlSUsI
3^5 dl Ch pO^ ' V^ ^ tA ' t/ ^1 c^i «-*s^ ^ "'j-"

-ait j5jM.J t^*. W j-i*^ ^Jj oVUI ^ t cB\ oj^ti
«t**o^' <L*J- ! ) ^^4 j> speaker's utterance meaning .jJ&dJ
« aSjUIIj < SjUc-u,^l : j^; ( literal sentence meaning

"Searle, John, R., Expression and Meaning, Studies (TV)
in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge Uni.
Press- (1993) p. 30.

_r;_

jl < £** j] < oL-J5 <$1^ jJScdl ^i L. OS r/r/i
( _ ? iaj "if < jUJ.1 Ac J5s»a jju V«j ( SjLcuu'i! ^ JiSidt ol <juj-

'^""' (c**i ^°**ii ' ^* ; _jiS) Ima* LgJ'-'ii (W * Ll*3 *=■ ^J^i L*

♦ VV . VI ^ Ji-L-JI ^JLI (XT)

>>"L^)1 t3~H(>w U&tl <Ijl?6« Jc l^iT iiUi -UJmcI »uj ♦ A&ll ju»U*j,
^j^ s_j5 ) his own utterance ^Wl <s^W* J-Jau

o-ip- Sjs5 0./" jcj ( illocutionary force <k&J\ j\ j>il
<,Wu-i ^ >5UI ^ < U < jjl^P eriocutionar y force jylxlh-

Hartmann, R., R. K., Contrastive Textology, Com-
parative Discourse, Julius Groos Verlag, Heidelberg
(1980) p. 16

£>Xj»JaX» j] ( metaphorical utterances ^jjUs-u.4.

j\i '<+*$& tlap-1 jl < ironical utterances <JjLL*
o-fiAj -j— *> (> 4* ^ < indirect speech acts *j£U*.

• (Y'i) r KtdV.

_ SjUuuVI ^ L5 _ <3jUll ^s (JSoll ^i~ o^ lib
<J^ J^rr,- 1 iiti" <^all ^jju'lCll 0^5 < a), — <J-\ iJ i** {jc- "-ih^j

situation «J8j-JJ ^^L j\i _ ^_^j ^ _ !oj < literally
Sale | J I JLsiu ^c— xJll otS * JSILVI J* ^^» ^ -oVj.

'■" {V°) literal form 4^5 ^J- 1 Aiix*^ ^ opposite

• VV ^ J.LJI ^JL! (Vi)

-VV -
John R. Searls Jj^*- * J Oj* SJh* VV*

: Literal utterance ^^ <3jJaiM — 1

~&Z.iS

jjLdl ^^o £* 5LJ-I ^1^4 <3j UaSj * oil Ua •

«t>- ■= <-*

-tr-

Metaphorical Utterance (simple)

-r

>*.

-; r ^} t-/

/■.

| -fJ- j£ <_.

literal sentence meaning ^s^il U4I

Metaphorical Utterance (open ended)

\>J\ t>j> \ \<>j>

« ■if-tr. f

(«jliU-r)

Indirect Speech Act ^Ul j£ ^ojAtfl £jj.| _ £

- el55 6- jiST 'Vljs ^ ^ . 4^, L ^JSktl ^ U
Ironical Utterance /JjUil (jjakLtl —

V>«K = ►

_ra_

;UJ.I <^m J^U. jjJLl* Utterance meaning ^^t

^..y. J I < *jj> 5 j j, i p <£ <■ sentence meaning

• " - <r\)*uu ^ i -

o-fc"^>Sfl ^bysJ'l V*j < *5 jUll <>l • v^ 1 tf> ^J
•• JU53I jl &4'l ^ 6* fl&i'l <^~ ^^

\>o ^ jiUJl £*■>! (t"\)

_ n _ '

Semantic content J'^oJI tSi^l gf-^ 6^ ' JpJ^j^

-hearer's comprehension of the Utterance

expressive power <jjV*sJl <SUaJI ol

«uaj a^j < \ — la *.*.i_«j.,JUj * passive uptake ^»;l , .*<M,

i^ om L ^ ^ c Jj^XW ^ saU ^ "i V^l _ <j£ dJ5
^J_«z)l UiSLj < Uft ,> • jLsJI soli't ^ftlkJI dljj u-^sUj L>

r- ry -

; ; "il^i jl 'yUl ^'Ifc J* < jJSall ^m J) ^1 «Li.*
_ ^ W < Aj^Uil <*ax? <^ajl JjJall Jl <y^l <>-*il ^

Sj U_^M jl ^USJI c«\£ <jlj - <3jUai <jl A/T/>
■{OV Jl o*'^' J* £>* "*-> < u-^ 1 6kUI Jl ^VkJI J-**

^prU i ...II ^j, J- I ^*ll Jc ^j A3 j\ < JaiUI ,^*-».

^ .-.M ^j > A \ ^JA\ J I literal surface meaning;

allegorical deep meaning

icWWS — Enkv^st "^--Ja&l Jj^j to — 4ijuil (jl
L? ^*ilj ^WjJJ'I L? i*il <Jaj tension ^JjeJI Sj3 J^.

^3 .^a < a'UJLl JiA\ IJ* <j1 < ^.Vj * (W)4 j'UiU

:c£w l<j^jJ<-Uj oa-lj Jta J* J^ufcj 43jUil Cot£ Lij
< c^jJdjj ijjLo* : ^ViJIj < J^.j < jjbltj < ij'j* <JjiVt
<*—ij a3jI — 111 o\ » : Jlij (jl tjSUI < ^j^-J < ^ {jp-j^y'
33jUil ol j^i. < JuS'biill ^fu3l c«t,3:3UJ. ! UJu» ^ sjUu.Vfr

Erj.kyis.t. N., K, Linguistic StyXisjtjcs:,. ibid, p, 88 (TV),,

cJ^UlUUil **■>? marker ^^ ^ ^ t^^ 5

communicatia j^Mi {j* 2 W^ * j*^*^ j^-. » . arfj l y*>

5j| ^ J I &j\f Juo— ic-j meta-communication

• (VA)a marker <*.!>UJi

-» ^Ul ^j^II ^^jJI ^ -43JUhS1> : . ( Sjj^Tj <) ^5 |j^ ( VA)

iiJli/'JUaiJf

bjto*i\ ojd^UJ! JjL^r osj < cx.o-11 <jJJI pU ^jlo*

'* J-&4I ^e. jo^£ ^sj| ^'Uu-Vl jAj * ^UU^Jl dls»

5-&.% Lao*] £^_U| <,Ux_u,Ij jj&ll os^ Xj^j
J» VI wl'L^^iiDI j| ( Firt h ^>3^^j

Bloomfield, Language, Uni. of Chicago U.S.A. flrfy'
(1984) pp. 139 - 140.

Caulthard, Malcolm, An Introduction to Discourse (i ^
Analysis, Longman Group LTD England (1977) p. 1

- 1' -

Ulj-JVi ^J^AI ?do-^» ' ^ -ko-^ 6-J
ctetuy-ll J—J.- y> - Jean Cohen C*»_£ oW J*** ^

3U-Jlj^ <JSj_Al ol J) Van Dyk ^bJ 3 <> U ' L -~ ^ J

aJIjCU ^J-M* ^J 11 ^ U ' aJi ^ <>-> * S ^ ^ ^
ifle'b 613 'j^idj * Course of event. iU*!VI i>

oU*JI 'jaj actual context i>'jM i5W^i <^*-"-"i ^ <i'
< UAv, ( 0^1 ) JIj ( <-^ ) -N l^<> &Ui-*i odJilf

Firth, J. H. The ttongues of Men and Speech, \i\\
Oxford Uni. Press, London (1978) p. 18.

Van Dijk, T. Text and Context, Explorations in ( t r ^
the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse, Longman,
London and New York (1977) pp. 191 - 192.

6 n.

;<,jHfljJJ A,iji0l ,^'Uj-iJI <y jLJI J;] Aju,|jj (Amtell) j

♦ Jj'V'l AajjLuI ,j*>£c- dUJu ^1,

^Ijjll (J I V19jLkaj 0&*j UJ W < Ais U_rtu jj£- '■<-*£**J (j-aiJ I (J-»^
CXoO^IUul (^JJI J^a?eil (3W*J1 jj-ualJ < Jj'^l cJ^SjuI £~a

• (£i)iiUI <ua.

«u«J) *t«p»« : ^yijjujl LiS_jllj oV-JI ^ JjaJl J~«^aj' ^y ^^''j
jSC*!lj'b < 4i_^kJ| ^ ^^ : <3ja£\ iiiJIj <jji&1 AiUI : ( jj^fj $„

♦ > Y ♦ _ > > Y ^ « AN _ M\ ^ ( r > S\ ' )
Enkvist, Linguistic Stylistics, ibid, pp. 28-29. {itf

jlL»"tfl dbiWl oJa £i*-»5j activated features of context

* (£0) the topic framework

,v»|aiiruul 4*^ i^ljjo ^Iju!! c^lS" IjIj * actions

universe of discourse Jlkl I (> Uj£ j! < mini- world
^U^uJ! Js JiiU «_aj a! ^*j LA o'USjj eUa£ £-^j

Brown., Gillian / Yule, George, Discourse Ana- (ioj,
lysis, Cambridge Uni. Press (1983) p. 75.
Stubbs, Michael, Discourse Analysis, The Socio- <n>

linguistic Analysis of Natural Languaga, Basil Black-
well, Oxford (1989), p. 1

_ iX -

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• '(iY)<il3l als*r

"S^ (3^— ^ J** ^A Uj < iiiUI Jl S^IilJi oJjb Jl, D'l

•■a-Uc ■\ m _ 1 ^2j..^L c*3^c as <j^ 15 < as action in context
•!<A— . a i> objj , AJI ^ ( Malinowski jCkJijiJ'U

• (iA)iiujuL-l

^a-xss V , speech acts <_^l£l iU-^'l ol */V^
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nlA3>Liil JjJp y* l$JI J^-ji. ^£Jj < Semantic form
jJ^\ ju.u < dUoJj * utterances in context jLuJI I
-<iLS ^1 V performance M ^1 < £1.^1) dl±r ^

^lj__- <_~3 i|j UI c^J J__i.| D | . competence
■C&J ' *j*** j^ J* j \+5 b truth value ^^ L j|

y <U4i / ,uyi / ^uisai : ^ , uju ^ J$

♦ T ^ J.UJJ ^jtl (iV)

♦ Ao ^ <c^i; ^>-j:i (i^)

_ ii_

JUol uv <J*U1I V L ,> ^i J*> a3j * <L41 V (5>4^
Decontextualisation <flUj Contextualisatio" 6 L+J\

^Jl ^ * 4lk> Ij pU+J'l JU*1 C& ^fUU 6l * JSUU
: ^ uU^i sot c& v^-l J^ Sjji* Jh^ *bj ^^

use <Jaa)1 2Lu.jLJ.Ij/ usage pV*dl ts^W plliy!
TjWcJI ^o* < utterance cJ^L-il / sentence <d<JJ-
illocutionary ilJ*jl\ <!>*>■ j / locutionary

d-u,UU discourse ^LLi-ij/ text o-ailV

^ coherence l 3 . i \ J z}\j / cohension.

^LJt ^j^l >V. U.-Jt q^lj^e <jjiUo sL_>uJI t jl5' IjIj

v U*il JU-. (jU t (J-— il <y J1»S3 ^ill rules cf ucage
J ^1 rules of use i^jUll Cfy\y^ ujaU%

VhoJLs-I *Mo»-Ij otsjkJ,! ^U5 -Ui;^

Adufr'

l^ ^ LusU < r U3l c?j^l f 1 ^ ^ U ^-4' ^
^_^, r U U * Ou,jUI <3U jjkdl 6&j * <3.M» >
- U^j^ ojSid r Uixr J^i-I ol * l^^- L-y *> V-***
<Sj*jJ| du,UJJ jji'IIm ^ < ^tS3U (> W ^ OJa *■*>

grammatical cohesion

io _

• (0 * ) discourse coherence

Coulthard, Malcolm, An Introduction to Discourse
Analysis, ibid, pp. 9 - 10.

_ n_

• (0r)«>2XI JJdJfc
• • * J5cuJJ ^JLJ-1 OjuoaII OjOxdJ ^LaJI UVAfrl ojjjJaj

' jj>II jLLI (j*. ^'L^uJI dji j Oj'Io* f^£ ?j+*> ^j
<J$». ^1 ui-T uUo 1^1 ul < iA < £V : £ra>^l <y <JUiiJt

♦ T'N/T o^jJI (OV)

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! ^,3,;] I Jl oUi£H

^ £ otSjLajJJ eOfc (J^i «Uil53l O'vS^Uil <jl l*°*fJ ' t Ua»..

< (_£ ji-\ Sjuaj < ^>J^*J Li* I * .gj 1 lai 1 JajljSJl (jx- 4J ^ i,.i. i ii U .s
i L_ ^ji AaJU-I j! t 5a_-i-aill ji-ai^ Jlj < 5laj|jiH J-jL ' (i ^

< ul*H'l eJlA ^ aA J < A.*yu«j t5 V— >*" /<* I^JWaa-UuI J I <t***iJ U

• Aj^LjuJIj ,*&£yl lJU-*

Ijl-*- ,> ja U~l * a_JS dJi J> t 3i_k^l (jl Y/r/^

^_ (j'Lw^l »b£j 1^ jaj _ clause relations

.J^J.1 i5^-«-' ^ aJuJ-I f-^j • — Hoey t£j-* uj^-d "^

(j^M *2 < Ub ULa^ J Ub^>ej (jl ,3 t_M^uj I (j^J ' ^4i Aia^j ^ii

V^5 L. _u* jL_*cu^! (^3 Ji.1 15 1 VI £ 2iL>l£ !jwi.:r I^-Aj (jl

^1 x? (jl 1 — u& (j_SUj j * its larger context ^_S^!

juV <,] : > r il C^JIj * i3^l ^Jj (^ J-*ll l»^lj5
i \a a*L3 ^ SlajljEdl J^i-I a^j]^ (> <-L^JU ajUJI ,>.

Hoey, M., P., On the Surface of Discourse, George (oiy,
Allen and Unwin, London (1983) p. 17.

■tAXajll t yA* ^d^A 9 6* -r^^i c?«JJl < cognitive process

,^)^i.| <£.j^>« j) < <Ui-l ^j — Jo ^s < J^-4-' u~* <c>«^ J»:

• ( ) 4JLuu «_J IL»-

*_ LaojiX*^ o^=j LaJlj < Signals Sjj&U-I <1jU.MjJI

* (0 AjV^sL-ujj J- -*-! is ya™ {yaxS (yi^* u* — <-A X uPt3

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♦ xx ^ <uu; £^11 (o"\)

• ^jl\ SjU\ <3jU- : ^Uil &**£

_ 0\ _

jl^U jus** ^1 < uSljSj <i±^J : ^ Jl ^L^ 1 ^o-*'

- - - t prepositional structure ^j^Jsil j] hs.^^

perlocutionary force j^^' ^^ t/ J^M Uali*.

,3W Jlj < 5^'U-i-l jjUi t 1 -^ 1 J 1 ^ ljLj3 ^ **■>'

;« iU^J <-*-^j Vl£— il ^UaJ-l ASjUll oLJjo oa^j

»^.js L:l < 5a d oi-l O^UI dik3 iL— 6- »li*-^l *-•-?

S&jlL. : ^,1 U 4jJ$ o^Ulj <Jl£iSf! •«!» ^^ ^>

■ jS ^1:^1 o^5I Ol ^ ^J * ^>l "<^-JI «jU-j.

_ or _

;%$£ jj-o. « <ih*JLI ^^Ji J.U:,V! »oa U4U4 ^j

f.\i) LS ^»3 ( irony of tone <L«JuJl <5jli«j ^/^/t

l£U3 (Jj£*±t c <U.cJ\ _^u J I < — «Juul «Ju_6 aJsjL" tfltJLSw < 4XoX-J«

* j'Lill t>LUl <*JLal. jj>Lyt

■^ >x ti l$^i ' sarcasm *&>g&\ Ct* fi.jp *W^l 43jli-«j
isJua i>l <JI « Leech u*-^ -/•Aij " £^l vj^ ij* ^

jj4*iiljliil ol (jiuJ j^Jj j * exaggeration <uJLi! jl ;

jl (( <JU__JuJI )) ,J_t4 t-Alfy ^^S^OJI (»l.ai5— "iff JJb < tiUj J&=-
Ji-o a^J jtJuuaj "V tj-b"^ < Iftj^tjj e (( *S£L>V*.3 )) jl (( SjU-uJI )>'

verbal warfare ^1*aJJI £jj-w~JI 0-* ^j u!l

_ oi _

sarcasm of tone a^jlJI <***£$ ^ * J«r« .*il 1^ ^ OjV Oil
^ — jLJi! J*~- J* — JL_2j ulS" dU5j ' direct address

"^■j ' n m OI* A-a J fasj < >lfr 4^-^j < 4»aJtjJI <SjUl»« JjuaJZjJ

-: iJ^jUvW J* *5^sJi jl^i^ dJjj < eievatea cone

•^jji^J.! *!>« Jl o^Jacli ojoi. » : JUj aJjS ^ < £3jUdl <>

• (0A)c fdo sai

: JUi < <lW| 4JuJ < J^>. 1^1 Ju-J Ajrf- <0i ! Ja-9 OlWl JjjwJ

*sU Jjl r * , JjU dij Jjl : dU'jjSl ,ul ^o^l J^ *» I 61 *
oj 1 J •.jUi*,., ,>.* L» : JUj < *a_ j £y> *>>_£ fc^j^ * ^ Jj^*
< ipUJkJI Jjb* »ju1 ^j1 Ow»lc jLaIj < f.^.. {ja dU>.Lo V,j

Leech, A linguistic, ibid, pp. 176 - 177. (oV)

• (Piyca^j&l jjjJI col .dW oJ »

inTsolation °J^ v* Vj*i-«JVuJ! jl tfjp*J! ^Jifj 3 u* -?
discourse (-<Uai.l <Li.uXs<i ^ <*3j* o^ oxSi *^>.jXjtuj <iSJj
^Jj| t ^i*ll .U ■■>■*' ^1 ^ ujllail <^j * sequence

**\l'V) ojju • <*j*L\ jl^ ' (*^Jl oTjSJI >>i" : (^yiUajJJ \_jijil*

■■»■ Vrl^i ( fNW —
♦ VtV - XTY/V J.U- ^^ * • oU^jJI (V)
Stubbs, M., Discourse Analysis, ibid, p. 79. ON)

t^^iij a^^^UI j»ac tijjC (J^. SjaJiJlj * irrelevance

deviation from oLSjsJ'l ^ lil^Jl ^)Ua ol < 1^13 ^
^.iUajus^'l (^j^ilj ) (Jl^'Vl I a* olj ♦ expectations

breaking of ol ^jsJJ l^-^ J»«ii « lu— £a * c?o— »-i.
*£$sj|j <5jLJdl ^ ^L_»3jdl ^w5j * expectations

Stubbs y^ jx_— <J_>Sj L£ — <»I3 J* ' Laj*J j

J& tiy^ Lite u^J * "^^^ ^ *^L3j3 -.«--? J' SjUsl.—

• t,' 1 * j-^Ldl o^a j*&5 LoJiift < norms J^jLI'I

2>1 cAl oL-3jsJ1 ob < oUoji ?t5 ia- ^.tSjkdl ol y*J

Stubbs, M., Discourse Analysis, op. cit, pp. 94 - 95

Coseriu, Eugenio, Textlinguistik, Eine Einfueh-
rung, Guntar Narr Verlag, tueb-lngen (1981) p. 98.

_ OS _

(Anro) ^ u^ r ^ ji j^ cA < Ua juiii 6- j-b

«u* <».ji^ L-a aJjuj * • • )> : 4j3 y> i LS ^jjidl (jL—sJU
;U*:lj • (( r .^5l ^jJt oil dbl i53 ))i : *Jj3 < ^(£11 ^

• Oi) ({ ^1 jijJI : 4 Jl2e 0^

.a^u ,> ji < Ubi jtcj ^j * w-i tf>vij < v-^

j^usj loo < Paratone JjVI ^^i^l <c>**J.lS — ^
I5lj * Sjv_ i-=5 <i3_^ Sjixo ^j ' (( ^ » Ajj^.^1 <Li-t
^VjJjJJI ^Ijo ^j ) Pitch ii>j_— Jl ^-jj L-iUb
<*jlttxll *-LUJJ fundamental frequences <Us*^^r

1 ■•■■•• I u1 Ua*^ < c _ r «JuJI j^Vkill ^ c>uJI i».ja.) <*jj\^
<*£ OjjlaJI <U-j,3 0j£> c£^' dJtSill c£>^-"i' j-ft < c<\jj2Uuir

♦ ilV/Y {jjV o>4 ' ^>J>>. < erf-'*'' v^' - , '' 5 ' ^ , ^-"

;♦ <u~—i Jj 5,iXk« 0.wJ "UjjVl ob_yi— il oO* <jl jT^I j^J

: ( j_j^5"j ) ,yl—«Jl t>— *^»- o'UJl— > : _^'l * U>cj -».)J-All ^_r«JI jt

^»WI tji^Vl ,i5iUIl ' Jlc o_y«pw» jup»« j>3"j <_x>-l_^ < ^Mll ^U
UN ^ ( i( .\<\AT - -*\ £ -T ) JjVl 5*JaJl « s-w
ifj.wJiJ Uj - wSj oUJu' ,j-*i- <>_ Halliday jIjJU j^j

pitch movement <L^jJI

<JU iJtcUo _ <k>U V Y

<JaS0*X* SJajl* _ SJxL-9 _ (33x>V*) V )

: j— Jtaal

Coulthard, M., An Introduction to Discourse Ana-
lysis, ibid, p. 117.

*<3jUdl sua l^juisSs ^Jl i <JLJi a*a.S^sJ1 -^UiilJ j^liY
<j4* ' V^" V^ *^W kj^ J^> < « J 3 » c^lS" 13 1 j

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^L_^l 5j9 J\ ctUaS" f>L-**j • ("\"\)a^._^Jl ^| Vj
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- <*ijjl _jU J I £-JflJlj ei]3 c?JJii-? * ^ ^ <ij^ ^ ' (&T>

: jl_~ aJjS ^ , ^Lill v^J! <*^di U _ r

Ol_*«JjjJl at < 'L-iA ^-^j ' « *i^'l J-iJ-^l cj] eUl »

•J5U. c^jXuJ.) I Oft JO^iJ * ( <ksi,jdl <*.J.jJl (J\ ) C^-wsJl

<*J8>I- Vo-i* yi^. ^Jlllj j^s, jA\ &j\j-si\ r ^SUf

• OV:)'( V - r _ y ) : o sustaining falling

_ V -

. ( ^ _ r _ r ) : ij£».

Lai* < Peaks *-3 £La ^3 < ciJU5l ci'^-^l -j^dj
<> ^1 jJ* ! Lj1I u±*i (> ( o-LjJI <_J-^ <y ) jj— *£*.

• ( ff-jij^l)) <y /^ j/ J < «£»\t>\J I $ / • fckUll t>
(^jjjj ' Jji»] C?^ Wr^^d ^*^ ' du *' ^" j^' W*- u Ai_?'

• Lea (J? (_/ t^ilLj LgJ Aa+Sjg-

ti!liij,! o^— *d ' intonation ^i^.xll <ji ^ji»^j — T
«»d3j JaJj • (*\^) discoursal functions 4-uLl^

Brown / Yale, Discourse Analysis, 'ibid, p. 153.

_-u -

— 4_Ja5 Ju^uj SjLju — Jjj-y J) < (( (3^ )> <J-*-*jI ^ fS^j i-^ ti

<_o-U-aj C? 1 ^ ' 4_wtjll^3 ( 4,jjJJ^ <lai>.Lu. <U*ojS^j 4»*J»j V^j I

• (V-JviJuoJI

« «jJi- )) : J> 4$XJ&\ jaW> JL-*i! i> JV-^Vl 6* g 2 -^
j 1^1 1 j ) jljAi SJja— «-« ^j < a Ijt*^ )-) -? (( oj^\* )}l -?

JbaJVl ( Js*Hj v aXl 4^^ </»* IS < ^5jl! ?IUj J2J

• all I

^l^U^^UJIJUS^U e temporale Gleichzeitigkeit

»U • V ) J/^iSI jb . oTjai ^ U£J» J^U^ : J^ a^ (V-*

j2^j j^l U^oll oLiUJI ,> t.iU - Sowineki

<_*-*U; ^ oa>vi L dljjj < j^uJl sUlj-» a5jU11 <yj

o^^b 4-^L-aJ\ ^-*>o^l **iUI ^5 -jOi^l s-Ulj-
<ujo.Uj \j>j jj,} (3v »}l£JI ^ j-**^ o^ (_jAj * L^l <5j£J$\j

jaj - « lexical Cohesion <^?-*^ isLuLsJl )) d<*^«

Sowinski, Bernhard, Textlinguistik, Eine Einfu- (VN)
ehrung, Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, Berlin,
Voeln — Mainz (1983) S. 89 u. SS. 86 - 89.

• iaa/v ^jjaJ c Ui>vt £j..i>j « o- o^-JU'.(Vt)

_-\r -

s(Vi) (( Collocation '-Lo-U-oi! )) £^jj <> j& ' biwu W*^*e ;
iS ^A\ Ja^i.1 j> < (( o5 ))i j « Ij^-a » 6^1531 ol d&>j,

f SjjU&* J-*-?- <e^ b^£j3j^ <U$Luibj Sj5 (jl'-JjJ Otulilw-,

i5jJJI ,3Jl«x. c& <J"ijJI 4S3UI < bj> AjSlVI ^ji^j
43iU ^j * ( f t »l\ <->\J& ) ^jJj jj\ iSJi\ Hfl}\ £,jij.

UJ^ til * ^11 1u» u^j * (Yo)aJI jU!j ^i*ll I J*.

_ ( Ji£ * ♦ j>U lUj ^jS ) C?J^— ^' 'J^"" 1 J^ si^-*" b>S

Hlliday, M., A., K., / Hassan, Ruqaiya, Cohesion (Vi).
in English, 4th impression, Longman group LTD,
London (1983) p. 274, 284; -280. ^

_*u _

.^^U^j) ^1 Jl < jjJJJ ^SM (S ^A\ ^A\ j^ku Uj
^3 , JJl£1} ojL-^ai ^ cA£ olj SI* oV « v 1 ^-^ 1 ^

• Y-ft - T'A ^ J.UJ! ^J.1 (VV)
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.jJiPdiVI <— «&> « &1 Lai*- -»— «p-t J—*** ^^iTj ^-Ul J* o>Mj yNi4J

\j)^»c JT , oV < A ^ « <>1 t U-Ji , A (jfcllJI : iU, ^kil (A«>)

• £31 • • • T\ aijeVI « T- r WVl « NA\ . Yv"Y

_.v.-

• (At)« ^

.(ATW^jJl «Jt. £**- j3j • oXdlj jl£Vl J* « o3 *

Ail V < ^^ ^ - L5^ f^ 1 a -^ JJ -^ J ^ ^

. • ^1 tJ* ^ &3 6- VsJlj oj&> q>>- s^U <J>L, Ul
<> a^U pl^ aejs oj- - J**- J A? ^ >LS ~ ^
151 VI « <35 si ^ dj2± ^ "W- Sj -«- ^ «> ^ J ' t ^

4^5L^ tS'luurV Ul -C^a^ U of O^W ^ ' f**^'

♦TVV/T JjL- £»v < oU^JI (AT)

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< ^oJ-i Ida c,\; SX Z^Lz^i\ iJfyaJJ <ui AjLii^ll t Ljula
use / usage <L'l~dl <^l~UJ l^k* a*>

Ujw f jP-iiJI Iua ,J* (Jjj_j,| oJa-J * (( ,35 )) (Jjaao (ja> jto

tjjk\}\ jL_^ills i Contextualisation Sl^-JI J'L^l ^
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A3jJ_U Sjl'Luj d*>« ^1 A*j_yisjJ.| <JVal1 ov5!>mi jja^ /\
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• XXV ^ ( (.NAM •) V UCU **UJI < ? .^! iU-^Jl < ^jftfc

. {hi) ellipsis -'jjoSaJ-l jl tioJ.) I^Uj &* o&j»

* (AO)jSlfljll j4jjJ < j9w.JI <UAi a *"^ °^»-^> <->' j^J
Ju.£j£jl (_J.2jjj * « oi » ~i o^J-o Vj-t*"' <L«-4-l tajJj

35''l_^3Ll oj |juS"b t c isJb'l )> ^s v lLil .JtS" u^ < « col )>

ji,juv-V1j reference ^^' = ^* lS>-VI oVj&ij. (Ai)
■ iS ***L\ duA~zl\j ' conjunction 3aSJ\j'~ substitution
: liUi ^i jJi.' I _ lexical cohesion:
Halliday / Hassan, Cohesion in English, ibid, p. 13

'O^ < l«JA i^^c V cj| : cJi )5li » : aJ^S ^3 dljjj < (>^fj
* (A Y)4ij ^11(^231 _?1)^J.I o^ ^ J^iJI jyi al

♦ N -1 ^ jUtfVl J^'Vj (AT)
-*>UiwVtj t (jajy f j-«s»*U ^*i^ Sj-iic »jj! ^ ^ . m .JI £«>- (AV)

: ,»Uj J^*- air Jt jiw'1

! •' J l,-„a^.,„

vsUij < AjJUll ^a— xaaJ t Aie. ■j^*JLl J* ^i*ll (_>■«-*• ^r- 8 ^
JU : U-JSJI jl j>j-X! ol ^>; Sj>-^ ^ r ^53t jr y^? ski VI

• (AA)« JLS3t j-Ld t>t o*

SjaM <> ^ oil ^ j3 Sj^ J r ^Jl ^>V < J-'KU ^ t*1
11JU ^IU! ^I c-JJUl lilj * U VI j*jf fi < iJj&\s»

* \tA l '^j.^l^ v iJL^0A),

- Y- -

U* < j^l Io_a jc sj^JIj JU^fll ^Ui • (V-)<Ju-*

* SVA v* J>UJt £»-^» '<&•,$

JL^/J^i

Verbal irony <JiiJJl aSjIUI oL^fc )/V/t

Abrams j-ljjl J^-hj ' jUlj <5jliil qv <S^Ui! sy t>

oa ^Jd •*• <^l Jia-^Ajj * tropes jW) j-^-** c^^^-i

the implicit meaning ^ jj| ^__*L| <> . ;.l ..?c,

Ulocutionary <^ >il jLse ^^s. J* J^uij ^ < ^* <>

Abrams, M., H;, A Glossary of literary Terms, ^N)
ibid,p. 89.

-YT _

J* dJJS J-i^j * 6^\ JJasJIj olju*J'.l C& cyj
$USjj * a^j^I a-5^. <A^ ja ^^ jl locutionary <f>*

• (^T) antiphrasis S^Ull j£i ^ j^uJl Iua

j^^, ^JUI , JUU.I JJ*s ol Jl J^> ol \±i «>-**-*

^ <Jj^j f^iJ < a locutionary act ^jilll »L>jJ-\

<i*kjll jl tf Jill* o-^ iS^\ iallj- J^JJ J- KM ^l. *-

• U- ?( ^i J j 3 ^i ^ "^ - : L. jjij illocutionary

<3jaj .JS^iSj. U y>j perlocutionary act jCtuI £»ua-j

• (^V)aJ wG Oj^d -?1 \>* ^

Sk^ U <JI Juua,. c?JJl .jtffc JsVsJI a^X. djs* < Ubil
• a_J»U1I j1 g-o",>,»ll ^ i aSjUII J* aSU*

« _ r *U.» ^,^1 .^«SJI ^ *5jMLl. : ( •cjjtf* ) <►*-« lj-~- (<\T) . -

Coulthard, Malcom, An Introduction to Discourse
Analysis, ibid, p. 17.

_vr-

JVjJI 42*. <> JiUJI Jlsssl ^~ t'US^S JuiJI J I Jiiift-

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Ullmann, Stephen, Meaning and Style, Basil Bla-
ckwell, Oxford (1973) P. 14

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duplicity of meaning L5 JL -*il <UoL_^..« ^-^ju ^ tilijj

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Abrams, A. Glossary of literary terms, ibid, p. 90. <n \)

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£j$L*2& Jla < (ft * Wji-! ^J»^ ^ muscular tension

JJ^I tf jpu-il J,i-J < sj'UJ3 s^U! *JVJI cjIS lotj

: 5JUJ.t oi* ^ ^-tj (TV*)

Gosling, John, Kinesics in Discourse, in 5 Studies
in Discourse Analysis, edited by M. Coulthard, M.
Montgomery. Routledge — London and New York
(1989), pp. 158-189, p. 161. , ,

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¥an Dijk Text awl Context, ibid, p. $ ^

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L.J t^Jufr c yU i ^11 ^ji-ajl <clo».j oiJttSl 13 1 c JajI^sjVj
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Olo>.^]i OOA t> eOa-J J^J' A.Jji-1 43 Lb- J (> SOs-J j£ <Ui

Textprinzip u-aill 1ju<> y> lo& o' * o-^l 6-* A ^*- tiJ i£^>

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Glinz, Hans, Textanalyse und Verstehenstheorie, (VY?}
2., verbesserte Auflage, Akademische Verlagsgesel-
sqhatt Athenajon, Wiesbaden (1977) Bd. |, SS. 50 - 51.

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Leech, A Linguistic Guide, ibid, pp. 174 - 175. c^M

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Leech, A Linguistic Guide, ibid, p. 175.

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Visualization <Uiii U • L^i^j ^ ^^ Ui. ^JSJ}

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jyiaJ I Wj$ isjh U. _ Leech, ^^uJ cJ_^ US' _ dJ j,

• (V°^) ironic interpretation ^5jUi!

L^J »j> tf aJI <3jUUl a^ ^i ^U-b ^_^! |Ju» JljUj
XSjLHI ul » < oj%>jj ^brams jJ^I dy& t 0_^UI
attitude <^^U- ^ Juj < verbal device 4.Unii Sb!

• (YV)« LJ^. <uo ^ c^JJl dU.Jj U)U^ jt bUu
* Ujju» ljUi.1 jj-csJl £* jL^-VI _ ^

Leech, A Linguistic Guide, ibid, p. 172
Abrams et. al., The Norton Anthology of (TV)
English Literature, ibid, p.2591.

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Grice, H., P., Logic and Conversation, in (eds.) P.
Cole and J. Morgan : Syntax and Semantic 3 : {l *A)
Speech Acts, New York : Acadamic Press (1975) p. 44.

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i/ O^^—- ^' <3v non-vocal communicative behaviour
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Gosling, John, Kinesics in discourse, in : Studies (l**}
in Discourse Analysis, edited by Malcoim Coulthard

and Martin Montgomery, Routledge, London and New
!York (1989) pp. 158 - 189, p. 158.

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Birdwhistell, L., A Kinesic — Linguistic Exercise,
in : Directions in Sociolinguistics, ed. by : John J.

Gumperz and Dell Hymes, Basil Blackwell, (1989) pp.
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^ < (MA) ( ( JiTj u*J5 u% ' J~^ ^J i5a-^ ^ *

^r^V ^Ji-JI oTjiit -ju-i" ' VNr o- ob > M : ** > M (oW)

Sof\/r oU_^!l : eiji J^- ^i ^Ij (o^ ;

Yo _ XI «*UJ| (or-)
iJV5 ., :*JU . « Jji » ^j ^ viy! <;WI ^i J*j~~}\ ^ (oTV)

u^c^U ^ _^* : Jjij . . < _ y «^Vl JU U. o-s^l If^i Jp-T Ji. ^'j
>_.jW« <>'tj < eU Jj^l : eU«/> : J-JSj • o_ri ,J t-iJ_? < <Jj^oa js.
xjjf «^U tS^I «U : Jr^j « <!UJl Oj> jp-U < Jjj' : J-^VIj < <i«

^ .:^\,j *^ o> ^ ( io^- ^ ) ^

communication chain "^t^"

4*3 < special irony signals <-~\s» VJ^ ^** ~

-.Li* I <*o" • U>» W^ textual stimuli

^ fJ _i- /UjUAl i'USUI u^ Ol Jl Enkvist

IS^ *U*> Ui^ < J~rfij < ^U^ *Ulj < U«t
j \^U Jj&ju A,^ iW-Tj &\3~ t- u^^ < ^^

• ^ iU-jJI cm)
. io.-S]/,j j,U ^j- < ^ oT>M jt* C^T)
Enkvist, Linguistic Stylisties, ibid, p. 88. (° X i >

o^U J^aJlj - f U;vi iLU, <^ *3*2*> ^ ^U

i » XXV -

A

Absentia .. „ ^^ {jj^ ( i^a )

Absurd ' ^Lkk

Address ^u* ^U^

(direct address) " J^ji.

Allusive Tu^xAi SjU)

(allusive remark) - - j^

Analysis . ^U^JI S^

(discourse analysis) • -^^

Antiphrasis jL ^ ( isu >

Antonymy d^L*

Attitude £_ulJ :

Audience pUi^l *— .Ijjjti
(double audience) ........

t5 iLk ) ^j"~ >

Back ' aJVj « (>"•

Bedeutung UVj *»U

(Bedeutungsbeziehung) ^ -^

(wesenhafte Bedeutung) -^^ -

Category a^Ui

Cohesion s^-L^.

Collocation ^Ls < Jt**?jS

Communication ijiijl *bj ^

(meta-commumcation) *^U; *L-L-

(c-'mrr.unication chain) - - • ^^

Centext ^j, . i^uj ( ^iU )

(activated context) ,«3»*- «* -• ^, jW _j t

(a-tual context)

^

Contextual suJI jlWI

(contextual framework) - *- ■ .

- VVA -

Continuant
Contradiction

(flat contradiction)
Contrast

(ironic contrast)
* Convert eness
Covert

(covert meaning)

D

Declarative

(declarative structures)
Deep

(deep meaning)
-Directional

(directional opposition)
Directive
Discourse

(discourse analysis)
Discoursal

(discoursal function)
Drammatic

(drarnmatic irony)
Duplicity

(duplicity of meaning)

^'"^ i * Jl

J^iLa J\

>u^.LAj| 2 .' J \
tr*L?>j| jL^3

E

Elicitation
Equilibrium

(equilibrium of oppositions)

Euphemistisch

(ironisch euphemistisch)
Event

(course of events)
■Exaggeration
'Exophoric

.4&

ilj^VI

^ijki3 ^_

iiiU*

*. m -

Expressive

(expressive power)

". ,,.. il l AiUsJtli

Falling

(sustaining falling)

Field

(semantic field)

Form

(literal form)
Framework

(contextual framework)

(topic framework)
Frequence

(fundamental frequence)

G

Gegenbedeutung
Gegenteil

(positives gegenteil)
Gleichzeitigkeit -,.*

(temporale gleichzeitigkeit)

Gradable

Hint

U*"

U-iav,

«_s2jjl oac (j^Ua-iVI

jsu.

J^

J&a.

4 11 •) 1 «7t> „

AjSijjz.

AXUA^

j"w

^su^ji

jlWl

J*-»

jikr

ij4ij:

1 *

T * * -

f ,^u-S*JI

^1.

a^Jt

*w-*i

a^Jf

JjUcj

LS 1 ^

JSLj

£>&*.

^iwr

^t:>.-

Hlocutionary

(illocutionary act)
Imperative

imperative structure)

Implicit
» , (implicit meaning)

CT»-— *'■ «■*"■*»"

Incompatibility $t\&i\ ^

Informative j^) ( ^^ >

Innuendo

Insinuation

intonation

*romc j^

(ironic contrast) ^li* jL^j

(ironic intention) j^LJI ...^n

(ironic interpretation) ^u* j : ._«

(ironic signal) u jU * CiU
(ironic statement) U 2U±ii l4 ijUu ^^

Iromsch /jSjUfc

(ironisch euphemistisch) tr ^ ^ Jft ,h

(irony mask) ^jiai »ta

(irony of tone) 3^1 ^ jLLa

(irony signal) ^li. ^^

(drammatic irony) iLi^j fcjLL.

(structural irony) i»LL ^ jli4

(sustained irony) j^ y jli4

(verbal irony) ^^ tf jUi

Kontext

(RedeKontext) ^LUiJI ^

Ii

>I«exical

(lexical .cohesion)
(lexical-field)

ilateral

^Laterally

. Ijociutionary

Loudness

tf»**»

^■aiAfa Jia>

•&*. ( df* )

M

Marker

A^C

Mask 0*

(irony mask) *j& ] t^

Meaning <^

(allegorical meaning) <jj^~* <****

(covert meaning) &*~ ' *>**** i^**

(deep meaning) 3^ w 1 **

(direct meaning) -^^ <***

(implicit meaning) <jy* u^"

(literal meaning) ;A^ <^"

(oblique meaning) ^W- -«*■ i^**

(surface meaning) t^"" c^**

(utterance meaning) lij^ 1 <^*

Meta-communication <SU»J\ l*±± ^j^SjUI

Metaphor

Metaphorical f J

(metaphorical utterance) ^jU^-l 3^=^

N

fTarrator J y

Honback cP^ J^ < °>~ >

Nonlow "^^ ^-( •=•>- >

Honstrident o^ ^ ) ^p >

Monverbal t r A | 1 - > tJ

(nonverbal communication) <J** Ji* J 1 ^'

Oblique

(oblique meaning) j^ ^ '. ->>— ^"

Occasional _ ... <£*■£

(occasional irony) .«**> ^>*

(occasional verbal irony) *»-*> -,££?*

Onomatopoeia v u^ki^

(secondary onomatopoeia) fc>su sui~

- wv -

Opposite

jL^Jll ( 4^1*11 >

Opposition

t} ' ' i^* y

Orthogonal

(**■£*•*■

(orthogonal opposition)

/yOaftf. jUu

Overt

- 1

(overt meaning)

Jjilx* tP^-»

Oxymoron

P

4jjjjli.A*i> (jjillaSJ £)jj » n ~, , 1 y

Paradox

>»lkH ^ASUUI;

Para linguistic

SjJUl Jji U ( J^L-j; >

Paratone

4_yi«,*i <£-j^i -%i ft.

Peak

2LJ5.

Pitch

Dj'oJI ^-jJ

Positive

LS*4"*"

Praesenta

6 vjuaLa. Si^JL-

Rede

(Rede Kontext)
Relation

Relationskonstant
Remark

(allusive remark)
Ridicule
Rhythm

S

Sarcasm

(sarcasm. of tone)
Selektion

Selektionsrestriktioh
Semantic

(semantic field)
Sentence

(sentence meaning)

^jUsi

v lkiJ

^1 vm

Siil.c

U&*U iuUU!

<*.u.*

SjLit

s .L».r-

*i>*— jl *3-*

* Aljt

*i>»-"«

' f^J

<A*iJI

4 J nS^X

jLiaJi

jLuiyi'

Jilt ft

■'tfW*

cA

j JI».

3Li>

U^JI

,«J*Jk

- YTY -

Sinn's 818 " 30 J** t~* ■ >"' *»

Situation p^ . ui

SPe Tspeechact) **« - «>"' *"?

Spokesman J ^

(naive spoilsman) G'* ^->-

Sprechakt tfJ " ^

(sprechakt situation) tf^ 1 ^- ^

Stimuli

(textual stimuli)

cr"*-" J^ 1 -*

Stop ( ^j = ) <*jb-i-' ^ ( -~~ >

Stress „. , ■%'

Strident *"~ ( ^

Structural . -"V

(structural feature) ^ .™

(structural irony) ***** ^ J

Tempo r\

Temporale

(temporale Gleichzeitigkeit)

Tension
Text

(text linguistics)
Tone

(elevated tone)

(irony of tone)

(tone of voice)
Topic

(topic framework)
Trope

tr"J..

c^-j

JjL2

-Pi 2

u*^.

^^1 4m11\ fdk

Aiij

LLaLui iJlx.

Uu .

S - 1 *» 1 1 AJJj.Lijl

Ji^eJI

An«V,

J>"

J^'

jU^

^jLa-a J£<i

u

Utterance

(utterance meaning)
(ironical utterance)
(literal utterance)
(metaphorical utterance)
(speaker's utterance)

Verbal

(verbal irony)
(verbal warfare)

Voice

(tone of voice)

f IS" 1 1 ^jjJaia

d^t.^]' 4-aju

*. YTo -_

£*JI

£-*'j*

: ( j_pfj ) ^i ^V.' -

: ( jj^S~i ) j-rf jla>* a»»-! _
• ( r > <\AA )

< yoi^Jl ,> ^-vy-Ullj, «>UiMi £»'L-*Jl *lj>-Vi Jc i) > ux-lt _ Xi
-3*UJI ^^-ali <i-^fr!V ' ^-u^JI ^s-^l -x-x j^ij jjS<* <Si*>*

• ( r N^Vo ) Sj^UJI * v 1 ^
: ( jjifj ) ojj^ -U*-? —

• ( f\*VAV ) iijJUll WUl < ojjy

_ trv -

* V.j-^l olj—^1 jc \ g « ; .. K7 j ^jpjl oULwUi ^ ijti. — u

: ( >. >.t ) ^VVI oil -
: ( JjUl) ^ J^cL—l ji % ju« ) ^jU-J| _

* i*^ 1 ^.V ^-t* ~*~h* ' ^-^-sl» 4--AU; ^UJI £4*^ _ A,

: ( «t-J-JT ) ijSjji —
♦ ( *»\l\\ ) ( JjVI

♦ ( ^ iia ■) ojjw

: ( Aopm ^j ([^oo-jll -Uc ^j j^UJI juc ) ^'U-jjJl —

• * *SjA\ jb < Li»j j^i.j jl^m a^l <*J9 , jU*VI J'Vj - NV

♦ ( p\ <\A Y _ w» N £ • V ) ojju
: ( oUic jtiill jj? ) ^^ l?\ _

: ( jjzTj ) v--*-j l >— -i- _

_ YW -
.*>e.jJI J> oYU. : U& J <JUU , JUai'Vl ,JLcj f iU*VI v° ? - NT
•Cfiy^Jl ^Wl <_«.Uj . ( YA 5 <^fl V U5" « ^.-H—Vl c^Vlj

• (fUVa _ .* mo |
( f \<\AY - ^U-Y )

• ( j»N<\Ao ■•) i^lpj) <^kJ|

: ( Jj^l ) l-j!>JI -UC (j^-SMJ _

• ( (.N^AT - ^\l-i V 5^-UJI <«Jdf , ^bjb

: ( j>lu-£JT ) \5LZjj —
~<j*j >>.t j*i\ -u* oUui jjiT^ ^^ , ^.Wlj ,-UJl £U»yl - \X
♦ ( (.NAA^ ) oojftl < ^i^nyu iJuJL-

~<— ^w.jJ.1 < ^jjj ( yjk~s» j>5"j <-«>.y , ^jV> 4iJI *,£>U« _ (\j\

♦ ( f NVW ) Sj>W\ « <*>.^lj LiJUiJ 3AJI hsAX
r : ( ill J-* ^» j-*», ^aji >l, > ^jjji _

_ VTA -

Ojjw • _r^\3 <d — JsAJ <bj»L\ jb < oTjiJl fjle ^J o^^Jl — Y«-

♦ ( fV'WY )

♦ ( j.N^AY _ >*>\ £ • Y ) oj> < v~^JI^

' diS^ °J*rJ J JiJ^J oj^J JiJ^J) jS.L-a>. 0* oU£JI _ YY~

• o*j < °J-K ' **j^ jb

♦ 0*.> « OJjo < «U«XaJl »_»i£Jl jb ' pj-^l ^'Vl4« — YT*

: ( jjifj ) ^>'UJI 'u^o- oLl~» —
• ( f \<\AY _• w>\ i ♦Y ) JjVl <*JJl • i**j ^UjJI ^jV)

*U«JI « ojjU -V»^ (>5UJI -uc ^^jSi^j < ( p\VVV ) liWI

• ( fUVY ) v b50! <>WI i^Jll
« : ( ZjjSz ) !»^jli 'J*-"*' —

, ^UJl -O^JLI , Jj*as i^ < ^Wl ^.j*J» or 3 ^ 1 ^ 5JjWI - YT
• ( p\"\AY ) ( ^jiU _ _^.'^ — ji^i ')

: uJ»i -t^— ^ —
S^S,UJI ~< r *J a S\ , -Jj^iJl jte • oT_^ii5l ^ ^C jij^-idl _ YV-

. • ( r V\AA _ u*U«A >

- m -

-J&t *>JU»i\ 3 — **W» ' Jjj^l jb ■ oTj — «Jl J^Us ^ _ VA,

;♦ ( fN'VAo _,*U'.« )
•( r V\AV - -*\ i • V ) gjj^AlJ jb < oT/JI ^ <*U!l a*L£* _ Yy

— ( f^A° _ »t*>\£',o ) <iJUJl <*JaJI < Sj^UJI < *^I_/Jl jb

: ( ^?m» gj Jjt j^j -****> ) ^'^j^Xll -
t > , .,.., fcd > ^JLc ^a i|>iJ|j ilj^JI ^;i u» £«Lj>JI jj-**JI r^i >- TV.
♦ p'o < ^.J^JIj >^Jtj acUmU jSaII jb
• ( JJ^* ') rJ'L-^l if**""* —

♦ ( r^t >

: ( Ijj&z ) ^>-J\ ■**■ <-iSW _
iilUJI 4*4JI < ojUJ.1 jb < .(fiJ3\ oT>i! ^UJt jv-idt _ V©*

♦ ( r UW )

- u« -

<«UJ| <i^vali 4JU4JI , ^jftl uTj-All Js >-UJI j»>*«5!l - XtJl

■• ( f \V\Y 5 v !l40J

• (■ tj' y ^ if*^°\ crt _>*** ) ■ °**s^ J^J — '

ol^i -Upw« j>5*o <U1a JJlcj *!_j_~9^ <_J>>U < jTyJI jW> _ X$

( _^->~— - Ji^.l ) c.IjJIj »l4-U-SJ'1 ob-uJI « £>LJl JjUl

• ( r WAV )
: ( tbU _^f ) ,_Sj5wjJI _

: ( .ill a*c ^i> <^w^Jl ^ ill a-* «UJI jjt ) ^^CJl _

♦ ( {.V\V<\ _
: ( J.jUM fr^l^.l ,>. J^ *>! ».>*■ i>. tff^. ) i5j^1 —

a**- jj&s <*v?lj» • *-i#? J**y Jy^* *~°rj ' 0*"-* ^J 1 " — ^^C

* ( >ri ) ->J* -

_ UN -

• ( < r \\AT

♦ ( ^VWY ) l&^^l 5.W < jiijf >'U <>>v , ol-ui'Vl _ to
: ( _£i ^i* i>. -***>* 'ui^JI ,_r— - ) <iJj»«JI ^ ^j) _

• ( jiN'VAT *. -*U-"f )
; ( J-*U«.t 4-U1J jj? ,y_ajl jLc JkiUH ) joT ^ I _
C»YW _*U-T) ojju < *»^l jh < fJi-JI Jljill jwa? - *V

• ( jU ) on*_?J" —

♦ < f \<\Ao 5 S^WI
: ( dyr ) >_V -

*Us> >. ikiinii ijJiU^J) -ojJU-xJl jU < (OlcVb <M*iJ.4 Sjljj-

ft

fj H ,i ,i> :7 j j1j*I < ovMJU pi_»rJI jb S—^Jsj < o*j < ojjo
♦ ( ^ \*\V _ -»\ t\ \ ) oj>j < u-9^3 ^ ak. uf

< gjyl)j s^Sb j<eU»iI »U«-£Ji V 5 ^ ' ^ , *** J> -/^r^' - 1 **

■•• ( f NVV\ ) v^
: ( jyf^ ) -u<Jl -u>*» —
^&J» jb - <i./-Wl J> &**. • <*>-ll <-iUl!j hj£l\ <iUl _ "of

♦ ( r V\V )

: ( fj£* {ji »U9w» Oi^"" JVo»- ^UiflJl _y>T ) J_jilal« ^r>.l—

• o*j « >U) ojUl) _>b <«-i> < v.W CA—J — *i
• ( ojjrfTo ) ^**tjjl <L-J —
£>.'_>".? <i-JUJI obJuJl « ^jU-JI jWLI < Jj-ai <b*A < isjlill _ 00

• ( r VUV ) ( ^v- - J^.1 9

00 ( ^Jpjl

..^Vb; <*UiJI »j\jj> <UU| <jiUi!l oj^-^Jl jb < Jij* »-jw>_«*

* £ Ml i

— Afcrams, M., H.,

i. A Glossary of Literary Terms, Holt Reinehart and
Winston, 4th Edition (1981)

— Aforams et. al.,

2. Hie Norton Anthology of English Literature,

Volume 1, 5th Edition, New York, London
(1976)

— Alston, William,

3. Theories of Meaning, in : Theory of Meaning',

USA (1970).

— • Birdwhistell, L.,

4. A Kinesic - Linguistic Exercise, in : Directions in

Socialinguistics, Ed. by John J. Gumperz
and Dell Hymes, Basil Blackwell (1989).

— Bloomfield, L.,

5. Language, Uni. of Chicago, USA (1984).

— Brekle, Herbert, E.,

6 Semantik, Eine Einfuehrung in die Sprachwissen-
schaftliche Bedeutungulehre, 2e. verbesserte
Auflage, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Muenchen
(1972)

— Brown, Gillian / Yule, George,

7. Discourse Analysis, Cambridge Urn. Ifress (1983)

— Coseriu, Eugenio,

8 Textlinguistik, Eine Einfuehrung, Guntar Narr
Verlag, 2., durchges, Auflage, Tuebingen

(1981).

— Coulthard, Malcolm,

9. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis, Longman
Group, LTD, England, 6th impression (1983)

— Enkvist, Nils ferik,

10. Linguistic Stylistics, Monton, The Hague — Paris

(1973)

— Firth, J., R,,

11. ■ The Tongues of Men and Speech, Oxford Uni.

Press, London (1978).

— Fleischer, Wolfgang / Michel, Georgy, .

12. Stilistjk der deutschen Gegenwartssprache, VEB

Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig (1977)

— Fowler, H., W.,

13. A. Dictionary of Modern English Usage, Oxford

(1926)

— Glliiz* Hans,

14.. Textanalyse und Verstctehenstheorie. 2., verbesserte
Aufrage, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft
Athenaion, Wiesbaden (1977)

— Gosling, John,

15. Kinesics in Discourse, in : Studies in Discourse
Analysis, ed. by M. Coulthard, M., Mont-
gomery, Routledge — London and New
No. 137 (1974).

— Grabe, William,

16. Written Discourse Anaysis, ARAL, Vol. 5, USA

(1985)

— Grice, H., P.,

17. Logic and Conversation, in (eds.) P. Cole and J.

Morgan : Syntax and Semantics 3 : Speech
Acts, New York, Academic Press (1975)

. . Halliday. M,, A,, K., /Hassan,- Ruqaiya,

18. Cohesion in English, 4th Impression, Longman

Group, LTD, London (1983).

— Hartmann, R., R., K.,

19. Contrastive Textology, Comparative Discourse,

Julius Groos Verlag, Heidelbedg (1980).

— Hoey, M., P.,

20. On the Surface of Discourse, George Allen and

Unwin, London (1983).

— Jeffery* Arthur,

21. The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur'an, Oriental

Institute, Baroda (1938).

-^ Leech, N., Geoffrey,

22. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, 7th Impres-

" sion, London (1979).

— Lehrer, A.,

23. Semantic Fields and Lexical Structures:;, Amster-

dam — London (1974).

— Lyons, John,

24. Semantics, Vol. 1, Cambridge Uni. Press (1977).

..." - m -

— SearKe, John, R„

25. Expression and Meaning, Studies in the Theory

of Speech Acts, Cambridge Uni. Press (1993).

— Seidler, Herbert,

26. Allgemeine Stilistik, 2., neubearbeitete Auflage,

Goettingen — Vandenhoeck und Ruorecht
(1963).

— Sowinski, Bernhard,

27. Textlinguistik, Eine Einfuehrung, Verlag W.

Kohlhammer, Stuttgart — Berlin — Koln —
Mainz (1983).

— Stubbs, Michael,

28. Discourse Analysis, The Sociolinguistic Analysis

of Natural Language, Basil Blackwell,
Oxford (1989).

— Van Dijk, T., A.,

29. Text and Context, Explorations in the Semantics

and Pragmatics of Discourse, Longman,
London and New York (1977).

— Vassilyev, L., M.,

30. The Theory of Semantic Fields, in ; Linguistics,

No. 137 (1974)

— Ullmann, Stephen,

31. Meaning and Style, Basil Blackwell, Oxford

(1973)

<J*J-

.*2i!

V

\r

xy

r\

iS

o\
or
v\

U\
^or ..

\v

rrv

rre
vro
rir

f° j

ui.

fc»

it all

3 L S\ s ^jL-ill : *^ifell J~~^

4_*kiLI <Sjl — ill
<j5L_l*i| ASj,L_ill

_&.)«

^liii J^iJI

tlJLjJil <_L,aiII
«jljll (J.^-v.ftil

pI__IV! : ^UII lUill"

j_jc*£il j|t ,aj*ill <£jliK» •' j_j-.iW.JI J-aiul
2jaJI djisJ) <SjUuj : *jWJI tWtall

-aol

^jjt ^l jll